Fragilidade e desempenho cognitivo em idosos clientes de uma operadora de saúde da zona norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Alguns autores entendem o declínio cognitivo como fator de risco para fragilidade. No entanto, outros estudos apresentam a fragilidade como fator de risco para declínio cognitivo. O presente estudo também entende a relação entre fragilidade e desempenho cognitivo neste sentido. Ainda são poucos os estudos que avaliaram esta associação na literatura internacional e não identificamos nenhum estudo conduzido no Brasil, ou mesmo na América Latina, que a tenha investigado. Este estudo tem como objetivo, investigar a associação entre a síndrome da fragilidade e desempenho cognitivo em idosos, e o efeito da escolaridade e da idade nesta associação. Para isto, analisaram-se dados seccionais da Fase 1 do Estudo da fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros (Rede FIBRA - Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros), relativos à clientes de uma operadora particular de saúde, com 65 anos ou mais, residentes na zona norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A população final de estudo foi de 737 idosos. O desempenho cognitivo foi avaliado através do Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). Foram considerados frágeis os indivíduos que apresentaram três ou mais das seguintes características: perda de peso não intencional (mais de 4,5Kg no último ano); sensação de exaustão auto-relatada; baixo nível de força de preensão palmar (sujeitos no primeiro quintil); baixo nível de atividade física (sujeitos no primeiro quintil do Minnesota) e lentificação da marcha (sujeitos no primeiro quintil). Também foram coletadas informações sobre características socioeconômicas e demográficas, apoio social, condições médicas e capacidade funcional. O desempenho cognitivo (MEEM) e a fragilidade foram analisados como variáveis dicotômicas. Avaliou-se o papel da idade e escolaridade como possíveis modificadoras de efeito na associação entre fragilidade e baixo desempenho cognitivo. A avaliação da associação entre fragilidade e desempenho cognitivo foi feita através de regressão logística multivariada. A variável idade se comportou como modificadora de efeito na associação entre fragilidade e desempenho cognitivo, x(5) = 806,97, p<0,0001. O mesmo não ocorreu com a variável escolaridade. Os idosos frágeis apresentaram uma maior prevalência de baixo desempenho cognitivo, quando comparados aos idosos não-frágeis ou pré-frágeis, nos três estratos estudados (65 a 74 anos;75 a 84 anos; >_85 anos), p<0,001. A associação entre fragilidade e baixo desempenho cognitivo foi encontrada somente em idosos com 75 anos ou mais, sendo OR bruto=2,68 (IC 95% 1,29 5,53) para idosos de 75 a 84 anos e OR bruto= 6,39 (IC 95% 1,82 - 22,42) para idosos de 85 anos ou mais. Após ajuste pelas condições de saúde, capacidade funcional e pelas variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas, a associação entre fragilidade e baixo desempenho cognitivo se manteve nesses estratos, OR aj=2,78 (IC 95% 1,23 - 6,27) para 75 a 84 anos e OR aj=15,62 (IC 95% 2,20 110,99) para 85 anos ou mais. A síndrome da fragilidade está, portanto, associada ao baixo desempenho cognitivo em idosos. A idade revelou-se como modificadora de efeito nesta associação. Os idosos com idade mais avançada revelaram uma associação mais expressiva entre os dois fenômenos.

A Candidate Gene Association Study Identifies DAPL1 as a Female-Specific Susceptibility Locus for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among white caucasians over the age of 50 years with a prevalence rate expected to increase markedly with an anticipated increase in the life span of the world population. To further expand our knowledge of the genetic architecture of the disease, we pursued a candidate gene approach assessing 25 genes and a total of 109 variants. Of these, synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs17810398 located in death-associated protein-like 1 (DAPL1) was found to be associated with AMD in a joint analysis of 3,229 cases and 2,835 controls from five studies [combined P ADJ = 1.15 × 10(-6), OR 1.332 (1.187-1.496)]. This association was characterized by a highly significant sex difference (P diff = 0.0032) in that it was clearly confined to females with genome-wide significance [P ADJ = 2.62 × 10(-8), OR 1.541 (1.324-1.796); males: P ADJ = 0.382, OR 1.084 (0.905-1.298)]. By targeted resequencing of risk and non-risk associated haplotypes in the DAPL1 locus, we identified additional potentially functional risk variants, namely a common 897-bp deletion and a SNP predicted to affect a putative binding site of an exonic splicing enhancer. We show that the risk haplotype correlates with a reduced retinal transcript level of two, less frequent, non-canonical DAPL1 isoforms. DAPL1 plays a role in epithelial differentiation and may be involved in apoptotic processes thereby suggesting a possible novel pathway in AMSaveD pathogenesis.

Optimization of the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of allyl 1-naphthyl ether using response surface methodology

Allyl 1-naphthyl ethers are useful compounds for different purposes, but reported methods to synthesize them require long reaction times. In this work, we have obtained allyl 1-naphthyl ether in good yield using ultrasonic-assisted methodology in a 1-h reaction. A central composite design was used to obtain a statistical model and a response surface (p < 0.05; R(2) = 0.970; R(adj)(2) = 0.949; R(pred)(2) = 0.818) that can predict the optimal conditions to maximize the yield, validated experimentally. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Policy and prevention : alcohol industry and non alcohol industry sponsorship of sportspeople and drinking

Aims: To examine the relationship between direct alcohol and non-alcohol sponsorship and drinking in Australian sportspeople.
Methods: Australian sportspeople (N = 652; 51% female) completed questionnaires on alcohol and non-alcohol industry sponsorship (from bars, cafes etc.), drinking behaviour (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)) and known confounders.
Results: 31% reported sponsorship (29.8% alcohol industry; 3.7% both alcohol and non-alcohol industry and 1.5% non-alcohol industry only) Multivariate regression showed that receipt of alcohol industry sponsorship was predictive of higher AUDIT scores (βadj = 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI ): 0.56–2.78), but non-alcohol industry sponsorship and combinations of both were not (βadj = 0.18, 95% CI: −2.61 to 2.68; and βadj = 2.58, 95% CI: −0.60 to 5.76, respectively).
Conclusion: Governments should consider alternatives to alcohol industry sponsorship of sport. Hypothecated taxes on tobacco have been used successfully for replacing tobacco sponsorship of sport in some countries, and may show equal utility for the alcohol industry’s funding of sport.

Temperature-dependent fecundity and life table of the fennel aphid hyadaphis foeniculi (passerini) (hemiptera: aphididae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Determinants of blood pressure in type 2 diabetic subjects with high occurrence of inadequate glycemic control

Study design: Association study Objective: To analyze the association between different biological/behavioral risk factors and blood pressure in a sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with poor glycemic control. Methods: A sample of 121 type 2 diabetic patients was selected in the Public Healthcare System in a middle size Brazilian city. Blood pressure was measured using an aneroid device, previously calibrated. Six determinants of blood pressure were taken into count: age, hypoglycemic agents, general obesity, abdominal obesity, eating behaviors and physical activity level. Results: The type 2 diabetic patients presented mean age of 60.1±8.9 years-old and, at least, one risk factor. Eating behaviors (OR adj= 0.31 [0.12-0.75]) and sports practice (OR adj= 0.12 [0.02-0.75]) constituted protective factors associated with lower systolic blood pressure. On the other hand, age was positively associated with high systolic blood pressure (OR adj= 3.81 [1.39-10.38]). Patients with 5-6 risk factors, presented higher values of systolic and (F= 3.857; p= 0.011 [post hoc with p= 0.039]), diastolic blood pressure (F= 4.158; p= 0.008 [post hoc with p= 0.036]) and increased occurrence of hypertension (p= 0.010). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that, behavioral variables were important determinants of blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients with poor glycemic control and clustering of behavioral and biological risk factors increase the hypertension occurrence.

Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a decreased risk of incident gout: a population-based case-control study

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the risk of incident gout in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in association with diabetes duration, diabetes severity and antidiabetic drug treatment. METHODS We conducted a case-control study in patients with T2DM using the UK-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). We identified case patients aged ≥18 years with an incident diagnosis of gout between 1990 and 2012. We matched to each case patient one gout-free control patient. We used conditional logistic regression analysis to calculate adjusted ORs (adj. ORs) with 95% CIs and adjusted our analyses for important potential confounders. RESULTS The study encompassed 7536 T2DM cases with a first-time diagnosis of gout. Compared to a diabetes duration <1 year, prolonged diabetes duration (1-3, 3-6, 7-9 and ≥10 years) was associated with decreased adj. ORs of 0.91 (95% CI 0.79 to 1.04), 0.76 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.86), 0.70 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.86), and 0.58 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.66), respectively. Compared to a reference A1C level of <7%, the risk estimates of increasing A1C levels (7.0-7.9, 8.0-8.9 and ≥9%) steadily decreased with adj. ORs of 0.79 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.86), 0.63 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.72), and 0.46 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.53), respectively. Neither use of insulin, metformin, nor sulfonylureas was associated with an altered risk of incident gout. CONCLUSIONS Increased A1C levels, but not use of antidiabetic drugs, was associated with a decreased risk of incident gout among patients with T2DM.