Activation of endogenous angiotensin converting enzyme 2 prevents early injuries induced by hyperglycemia in rat retina

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that may result in blindness. We evaluated the effects of activation of endogenous angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 on the early stages of DR. Rats were administered an intravenous injection of streptozotocin to induce hyperglycemia. The ACE2 activator 1-[[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl] amino]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-7-[[(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl] oxy]-9H-xanthone 9 (XNT) was administered by daily gavage. The death of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) was evaluated in histological sections, and retinal ACE2, caspase-3, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. XNT treatment increased ACE2 expression in retinas of hyperglycemic (HG) rats (control: 13.81±2.71 area%; HG: 14.29±4.30 area%; HG+XNT: 26.87±1.86 area%; P<0.05). Importantly, ACE2 activation significantly increased the RCG number in comparison with HG animals (control: 553.5±14.29; HG: 530.8±10.3 cells; HG+XNT: 575.3±16.5 cells; P<0.05). This effect was accompanied by a reduction in the expression of caspase-3 in RGC of the HG+XNT group when compared with untreated HG rats (control: 18.74±1.59; HG: 38.39±3.39 area%; HG+XNT: 27.83±2.80 area%; P<0.05). Treatment with XNT did not alter the VEGF expression in HG animals (P>0.05). Altogether, these findings indicate that activation of ACE2 reduced the death of retinal ganglion cells by apoptosis in HG rats.

Interaction of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and NL63 coronavirus spike proteins with angiotensin converting enzyme-2

Although in different groups, the coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and NL63 use the same receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-2, for entry into the host cell. Despite this common receptor, the consequence of entry is very different; severe respiratory distress in the case of SARS-CoV but frequently only a mild respiratory infection for NL63. Using a wholly recombinant system, we have investigated the ability of each virus receptor-binding protein, spike or S protein, to bind to ACE-2 in solution and on the cell surface. In both assays, we find that the NL63 S protein has a weaker interaction with ACE-2 than the SARS-CoV S protein, particularly in solution binding, but the residues required for contact are similar. We also confirm that the ACE-2-binding site of NL63 S lies between residues 190 and 739. A lower-affinity interaction with ACE-2 might partly explain the different pathological consequences of infection by SARS-CoV and NL63.

Gestão da Assistência Farmacêutica: módulo optativo: unidade 2: avaliação econômica de tecnologias em saúde

O conteúdo está distribuído em 8 Lições. Inicia com o a Lição 1 abordando o conceito de Economia da saúde, o princípio econômico da eficiência alocativa e qual sua importância para o SUS. A lição 2 desta unidade: “Avaliação econômica de tecnologias em saúde” pretende caracterizar a avaliação econômica de tecnologias em saúde e definir quais elementos são necessários para sua realização, bem como demonstrar a sua importância para a área farmacêutica e para o gestor do SUS. Já a Lição 3: “Identificação de custos” busca tornar o aluno apto a identificar e conhecer os custos em saúde e suas categorias, além de conhecer a perspectiva do estudo e os custos. A 4ª lição: “Identificação dos desfechos em saúde” visa diferenciar eficácia e efetividade e apresentar os questionários de avaliação de qualidade de vida em saúde. As avaliações econômicas de saúde se subdividem em 3 tipos principais de estudos: (1) custo-efetividade (ACE) e análise de custo-minimização - considerada um subtipo da ACE; (2) custo-utilidade (ACU); e (3) custo-benefício (ACB), sinteticamente discutidas na lição 5. A Lição 6 identifica e interpreta os modelos econômicos e visa demonstrar os principais tipos de modelagem: árvores de decisão e modelo de Markov. Finalizando o conteúdo, seguem – se as lições 7 e 8 que pretendem sistematizar os passos que todas as análises deveriam percorrer para serem reconhecidas como estudos com qualidade e a utilização da avaliação econômica na gestão da assistência farmacêutica, respectivamente e o potencial da utilização desta ferramenta para o apoio à tomada de decisões.

Angiotensin processing is partially carried out by carboxypeptidases in the rat mesenteric arterial bed perfusate

Here we investigated the possible association between the carboxypeptidase A (CPA)-like activity of the rat mesenteric arterial bed (MAB) perfusate and the ability of this fluid of forming angiotensin (Ang) 1-9 and Ang 1-7 upon incubation with Ang I and Ang II, respectively. Initially, we observed that anion exchange chromatography of the perfusate would consistently split the characteristic Z-Val-Phe-hydrolyzing activity of CPA-like enzymes into five distinct peaks, whose proteolytic activities were then determined using also Ang I and Ang II as substrates. The resulting proteolytic profile for each peak indicated that rat MAB perfusate contains a complex mixture of carboxypeptidases; tentatively, five carboxypeptidases were distinguished based on their substrate preferences toward Z-Val-Phe. Ang I and Ang II. The respective reactions, namely, Z-Val-Phe cleavage, Ang I to Ang 1-9 conversion and Ang II to Ang 1-7 conversion, were inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline and nearly fully blocked by potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor. Also, all the CPA-like activity peaks prepared by anion exchange chromatography were tested negative for contaminating Ang I-converting enzyme-2, cathepsin A and prolylcarboxypeptidase. Overall, our results indicate that rat MAB perfusate contains a multiplicity of Ang I and Ang II-processing CPA-like enzymes whose proteolytic specificities suggest they might perform peculiar regulatory roles in the local resin-angiotensin system. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Long-term stability of dentin matrix following treatment with various natural collagen cross-linkers

Objectives: Collagen disorganization is one of the main degradation patterns found in unsuccessful adhesive restorations. The hypothesis of this study was that pretreatment using natural collagen cross-linking agents rich in proanthocyanidin (PA) would improve mechanical properties and stability over time of the dentin collagen and, thus, confer a more resistant and lasting substrate for adhesive restorations. Methods: PA-based extracts, from grape seed (GSE), cocoa seed (CSE), cranberry (CRE), cinnamon (CNE) and acai berry (ACE) were applied over the demineralized dentin. The apparent elastic modulus (E) of the treated dentin collagen was analyzed over a 12 month period. Specimens were immersed in the respective solution and E values were obtained by a micro-flexural test at baseline, 10, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min. Samples were stored in artificial saliva and re-tested after 3, 6 and 12 months. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: GSE and CSE extracts showed a time-dependent effect and were able to improve [240 min (MPa): GSE = 108.96 +/- 56.08: CSE = 59.21 +/- 24.87] and stabilize the E of the organic matrix [12 months (MPa): GSE = 40.91 +/- 19.69; CSE = 42.11 +/- 13.46]. CRE and CNE extracts were able to maintain the E of collagen matrices constant over 12 months [CRE = 11.17 +/- 7.22; CNE = 9.96 +/- 6.11; MPa]. ACE (2.64 +/- 1.22 MPa) and control groups immersed in neat distilled water (1.37 +/- 0.69 MPa) and ethanol-water (0.95 +/- 0.33 MPa) showed no effect over dentin organic matrix and enable their degradation and reduction of mechanical properties. Significance: Some PA-based extracts were capable of improving and stabilizing collagen matrices through exogenous cross-links induction. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aldosterone effects on glomerular structure and function.

OBJECTIVE: Experimental evidence suggests that aldosterone directly contributes to organ damage by promoting cell growth, fibrosis, and inflammation. Based on these premises, this work aimed to assess the glomerular effects of aldosterone, alone and in combination with salt. METHODS: After undergoing uninephrectomy, 75 rats were allocated to five groups: control, salt diet, aldosterone, aldosterone + salt diet, aldosterone + salt diet and eplerenone, and they were all studied for four weeks. We focused on glomerular structural, functional, and molecular changes, including slit diaphragm components, local renin-angiotensin system activation, as well as pro-oxidative and profibrotic changes. RESULTS: Aldosterone significantly increased systolic blood pressure, led to glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, and it significantly increased the glomerular permeability to albumin and the albumin excretion rate, indicating the presence of glomerular damage. These effects were worsened by adding salt to aldosterone, while they were reduced by eplerenone. Aldosterone-induced glomerular damage was associated with glomerular angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 downregulation, with ACE/ACE2 ratio increase, ANP decrease, as well as with glomerular pro-oxidative and profibrotic changes. CONCLUSIONS: Aldosterone damages not only the structure but also the function of the glomerulus. ACE/ACE2 upregulation, ACE2 and ANP downregulation, and pro-oxidative and profibrotic changes are possible mechanisms accounting for aldosterone-induced glomerular injury.

Catalytic properties of thimet oligopeptidase H600A mutant

Thimet oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15, TOP) is a metallo-oligopeptidase that participates in the intracellular metabolism of peptides. Predictions based on structurally analogous peptidases (Dcp and ACE-2) show that TOP can present a hinge-bend movement during substrate hydrolysis, what brings some residues closer to the substrate. One of these residues that in TOP crystallographic structure are far from the catalytic residues, but, moves toward the substrate considering this possible structural reorganization is His(600). In the present work, the role of His(600) of TOP was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. TOP H600A mutant was characterized through analysis of S(1) and S(1)`, specificity, pH-activity profile and inhibition by JA-2. Results showed that TOP His(600) residue makes important interactions with the substrate, supporting the prediction that His(600) moves toward the substrate due to a hinge movement similar to the Dcp and ACE-2. Furthermore, the mutation H600A affected both K(m) and k(cat), showing the importance of His(600) for both substrate binding and/or product release from active site. Changes in the pH-profile may indicate also the participation of His(600) in TOP catalysis, transferring a proton to the newly generated NH(2)-terminus or helping Tyr(605) and/or Tyr(612) in the intermediate oxyanion stabilization. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pt(II) and Ag(I) complexes with acesulfame: Crystal structure and a study of their antitumoral, antimicrobial and antiviral activities

Two new complexes of platinum(II) and silver(I) with acesulfame were synthesized. Acesulfame is in the anionic form acesulfamate (ace). The structures of both complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. For K(2)[PtCl(2)(ace)(2)] the platinum atom is coordinated to two Cl(-) and two N-acesulfamate atoms forming a trans-square planar geometry. Each K(+) ion interacts with two oxygen atoms of the S(=O)(2) group of each acesulfamate. For the polymeric complex [Ag(ace)](n) the water molecule bridges between two crystallographic equivalent Agl atoms which are related each other by a twofold symmetry axis. Two Agl atoms, related to each other by a symmetry centre, make bond contact with two equivalent oxygen atoms. These bonds give rise to infinite chains along the unit cell diagonal in the ac plane. The in vitro cytotoxic analyses for the platinum complex using HeLa (human cervix cancer) cells show its low activity when compared to the vehicle-treated cells. The Ag(I) complex submitted to in vitro antimycobacterial tests, using the Microplate Alamar Blue (MABA) method, showed a good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, responsible for tuberculosis, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 11.6 mu M. The Ag(I) complex also presented a promising activity against Gram negative (Escherichia colt and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram positive (Enterococcus faecalis) microorganisms. The complex K(2)[PtCl(2)(ace)(2)] was also evaluated for antiviral properties against dengue virus type 2 (New Guinea C strain) in Vero cells and showed a good inhibition of dengue virus type 2 (New Guinea G strain) replication at 200 mu M, when compared to vehicle-treated cells. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pt(II) and Ag(I) complexes with acesulfame: Crystal structure and a study of their antitumoral, antimicrobial and antiviral activities

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Flugzeuggestützte Messungen des atmosphärischen Aerosols

Flugzeuggestützte Messungen des atmosphärischen Aerosols: Saharastaub, stratosphärisches Hintergrundaerosol und nichtsichtbare Wolken in den Tropen Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden flugzeuggestütze Messungen des atmosphärischen Aerosols durchgeführt. Das hierfür eingesetzten Meßinstrument (FSSP-300) mißt die Intensität des von einzelnen Aerosolpartikeln in Vorwärtsrichtung gestreuten Lichts. Der Meßbereich umfaßt Partikeldurchmesser von ca. 0,4 µm bis 20 µm. Das FSSP-300 wurde auf mehreren Flugzeugen eingesetzt, u. a. auch erstmals auf dem russischen Höhenforschungsflugzeug Geophysika. Bei der Meßkampagen ACE-2 wurden im Juli 1997 von Teneriffa aus zwei Schichten windgetragenen Sahara-Staubes beobachtet. Die tiefere Schicht reichte bis in 1500 m Höhe, die höhere Schicht bis in 6000 m bei einer Schichtdicke von über 3000 m. In einer Analyse der Wetterlage und von Rückwärtstrajektorien wird der Ursprung des Staubes dargestellt. Die mit dem FSSP-300 gemessenen Größenverteilungen werden durch Messungen anderer Partikel-Meßinstrumente ergänzt und mit Literaturdaten verglichen. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung des stratosphärischen Aerosols wurden Messungen aus zwei Perioden ohne vulkanischen Einfluß und aus der Zeit nach dem Ausbruch des Vulkans Pinatubo verglichen. Die beiden Perioden reinen Hintergrundaerosols lagen mit über fünf Jahren eine vergleichbare Zeitspanne nach großen Vulkanausbrüchen. Die Analyse der Aerosolmessungen umfaßt den zeitlichen Verlauf der Gesamtkonzentration als auch den Vergleich von Größenverteilungen aus den verschiedenen Perioden. Bei den Flügen über dem Indischen Ozean während der Meßkampagne APE-THESEO auf den Seychellen wurden verschiedene Schichten von Cirren im Bereich des Ausläufers eines Cumulonimbus und direkt an der Tropopause beobachtet. Letztere und auch einige Bereiche der ersteren waren nichtsichtbar, d. h. hatten eine optische Dicke von weniger als 0,03 im sichtbaren Licht. Die Partikelmessungen werden auch im Kontext der Ergebnisse anderer Meßinstrumente und einer meteorologischen Analyse der Wettersituation betrachtet. Die gemessenen Größenverteilungen sind eine wichtige Ergänzung der wenigen früheren Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema.

Efeitos do ramipril sobre a doença periodontal induzida experimentalmente em ratos

A doença periodontal (DP) corresponde a um grupo de doenças inflamatórias que acomete as estruturas periodontais de proteção e de suporte e pode levar à perda dentária. A etiologia está relacionada à placa dentobacteriana que leva à produção de grande quantidade de citocinas pró-inflamatórias importantes na destruição tecidual. A angiotensina (Ang) II também pode contribuir para a inflamação e destruição tecidual no periodonto agindo como mediador chave. A utilização de drogas que atuem na cascata do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) poderia interferir no estado de saúde ou inflamação do tecido mole, na perda óssea alveolar e na expressão gênica dos componentes do SRA e mediadores inflamatórios. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar se o ramipril, um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA), altera a progressão da DP induzida experimentalmente em ratos. Foi utilizado o modelo de indução da DP por colocação de ligadura ao redor do primeiro molar inferior direito de ratos. Os grupos com 10 animais cada, foram divididos em tratados com ramipril (via gavagem 10 mg/kg/dia) ou água (veículo) durante 14 e 21 dias e o grupo Sham submetido à indução fictícia da DP. Outros quatro grupos foram submetidos ao pré-tratamento com ramipril durante os períodos de 7 e 14 dias e após a indução da DP e tratados por 14 ou 21 dias. As metodologias de avaliação foram: extração de RNA total, transcrição reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa (RTqPCR), análises histológica e da perda óssea alveolar. Os dados foram analisados por meio de gráficos e os resultados foram submetidos à análise unidirecional de variância (ANOVA) e representaram médias e respectivos desvios-padrão. Diferenças entre os grupos foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando p < 0,05. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o ramipril foi capaz de reduzir a progressão da perda óssea no grupo tratado por 21 dias (DP-21d-Rami), entretanto houve aumento do processo inflamatório, além de alteração da expressão de RNAm de ECA-2 e do receptor Mas, alguns mediadores do processo inflamatório, como COX2 e VEGF, e os receptores VEGF-R1 e VEGF-R2.

Avaliação econômica de tecnologias em saúde

O conteúdo está distribuído em 8 Lições. A lição 1 aborda o conceito de Economia da saúde, o princípio econômico da eficiência alocativa e qual sua importância para o SUS. A lição 2 caracteriza a avaliação econômica de tecnologias em saúde e definir quais elementos são necessários para sua realização, bem como demonstrar a sua importância para a área farmacêutica e para o gestor do SUS. Já a Lição 3: “Identificação de custos” busca tornar o aluno apto a identificar e conhecer os custos em saúde e suas categorias, além de conhecer a perspectiva do estudo e os custos. A 4ª lição: “Identificação dos desfechos em saúde” visa diferenciar eficácia e efetividade e apresentar os questionários de avaliação de qualidade de vida em saúde. As avaliações econômicas de saúde se subdividem em 3 tipos principais de estudos: (1) custo-efetividade (ACE) e análise de custo-minimização - considerada um subtipo da ACE; (2) custo-utilidade (ACU); e (3) custo-benefício (ACB), sinteticamente discutidas na lição 5. A Lição 6 identifica e interpreta os modelos econômicos e visa demonstrar os principais tipos de modelagem: árvores de decisão e modelo de Markov. Finalizando o conteúdo, seguem – se as lições 7 e 8 que pretendem sistematizar os passos que todas as análises deveriam percorrer para serem reconhecidas como estudos com qualidade e a utilização da avaliação econômica na gestão da assistência farmacêutica, respectivamente e o potencial da utilização desta ferramenta para o apoio à tomada de decisões.

Processing of the JEFF-3.1.2 Cross Section Library into various formats (ACE, PENDF, GENDF, MATXSR and BOXER) for testing purposes

1. Objectives and planning 1.1 Processing JEFF-3.1.2 in ACE format 1.2 Processing JEFF-3.1.2 to JANIS and BOXER format 1.3 Changes in NJOY99.364 1.4 Updates in JEFF-3.1.2 1.5 Processing TENDL-2011

Processing and validation of JEFF3-3.1.2 Cross-section Library into Various Formats: ACE, PENDF, GENDF, MATXSR and BOXER.

Following the processing and validation of JEFF-3.1 performed in 2006 and presented in ND2007, and as a consequence of the latest updated of this library (JEFF-3.1.2) in February 2012, a new processing and validation of JEFF-3.1.2 cross section library is presented in this paper. The processed library in ACE format at ten different temperatures was generated with NJOY-99.364 nuclear data processing system. In addition, NJOY-99 inputs are provided to generate PENDF, GENDF, MATXSR and BOXER formats. The library has undergone strict QA procedures, being compared with other available libraries (e.g. ENDF/B-VII.1) and processing codes as PREPRO-2000 codes. A set of 119 criticality benchmark experiments taken from ICSBEP-2010 has been used for validation purposes.

Evaluation of Antiproliferative, Anti-Type 2 Diabetes, and Antihypertension Potentials of Ellagitannins from Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) Using In Vitro Models

Strawberries represent the main source of ellagic acid derivatives in the Brazilian diet, corresponding to more than 50% of all phenolic compounds found in the fruit. There is a particular interest in the determination of the ellagic acid content in fruits because of possible chemopreventive benefits. In the present study, the potential health benefits of purified ellagitannins from strawberries were evaluated in relation to the antiproliferative activity and in vitro inhibition of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) relevant for potential management of hyperglycemia and hypertension. Therefore, a comparison among ellagic acid, purified ellagitannins, and a strawberry extract was done to evaluate the possible synergistic effects of phenolics. In relation to the antiproliferative activity, it was observed that ellagic acid had the highest percentage inhibition of cell proliferation. The strawberry extract had lower efficacy in inhibiting the cell proliferation, indicating that in the case of this fruit there is no synergism. Purified ellagitannins had high alpha-amylase and ACE inhibitory activities. However, these compounds had low alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. These results suggested that the ellagitannins and ellagic acid have good potential for the management of hyperglycemia and hypertension linked to type 2 diabetes. However, further studies with animal and human models are needed to advance the in vitro assay-based biochemical rationale from this study.