Mejoramiento de la eficiencia de propagación in vitro de plátano (Musa AAB cv. Enano)

En el período comprendido de noviembre del año 2001 a julio del año 2002, en el Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA) se realizó el estudio de la propagación in vitro en el cultivo de Plátano, (AAB) cv Enano. A las cuatro semanas del establecimiento se evalúo el porcentaje de fenolización de los ápices, en el medio de cultivo que contenía solamente las sales Murashige y Skoog el 100% de los tejidos produjo el más bajo nivel de fenoles. A las ocho semanas se evalúo el efecto de las variantes de medios de cultivo en la formación de plantas. Cuando se agregó al medio de cultivo 0.3 mg/l de Ácido indolacético y 1 mg/l de Bencil amino purina se registró 53.3% de plantas formadas y el 26% de estas emitieron brotes axilares. En la fase de multiplicación los experimentos se evaluaron a las tres semanas determinándose los mejores tratamientos a través del análisis de Varianza y separación de Medias de Tukey (a= 0.05). Los mejores coeficientes de brotación se presentaron en los medios suplidos con 4 y 5 mg/l de Bencil amino purina, con valores respectivos de 4.2 y 4.46 brotes por planta. La consistencia semisólida del medio de cultivo superó al medio líquido en las variables altura de planta y número de brotes. La mejor combinación tipo de frasco y número de planta, fue con la siembra de cinco brotes en frascos de 200 ml con resultados de brotación de 2.08 y 2.05 respectivamente. En el enraizamiento se comprobó que concentraciones de sacarosa entre 30 g/l y 60 g/l combinadas con 1 y 2 mg/l de Ácido Indol Acético favorecen el incremento de las variables evaluadas. La sobrevivencia de las vitroplantas en condiciones ambientales fue del 100% cuando estas provinieron de medios de cultivos con niveles de sacarosa de 50 y 60 g/l combinadas con 1 y 2 mg/l de Ácido Indol Acético.

Comportamiento agronómico y fenológico del cultivar plátano cuerno (Musa spp. AAB) propagado a través de la técnica de reproducción acelerada de semilla en dos localidades del departamento de Chinandega

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento agronómico y fenológico del cultivar plátano cuerno (AAB), propagado a través de la técnica de reproducción acelerada de semilla (TRAS) en dos localidades del departamento de Chinandega. Considerando que el cultivo del plátano en Nicaragua, presenta serios problemas que afectan el rendimiento de las plantaciones, principalmente por el uso de material de propagación de mala calidad genética, fitosanitaria. El estudio se realizo en el departamento de Chinandega en dos localidades, la primera en la finca Los Panchos ubicada entre los kilómetros 124 y 125 carretera León-Chinandega y la segunda en el Centro de Desarrollo Agrícola Santa Ana ubicada en el municipio de El Viejo. Se hizo uso de un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (B.C.A) con arreglo unifactorial, conformado por tres bloques en cada una de las localidades, constituyéndose cada una un tratamiento. Cada bloque estará conformado de 5 surcos de 10m de longitud que contendrán 35 plantas de plátano, en los dos ensayos son 210 plantas, separadas por 2 m entre planta y planta a una distancia de 2 x 2 m entre surco y surco, se evaluaron 10 plantas del área de parcela útil, no incluyendo las que se encuentran en el borde. Las variables que se evaluaron fueron las de morfología altura de la planta (m), diámetro del tallo (cm), número de hojas por planta ,largo de la hoja (cm), ancho de la hoja (cm), área foliar total (cm2), número de hijos por planta. Las variables de rendimiento, número de manos por racimo, numero de dedos por racimo, largo de los dedos (cm), diámetro de los dedos (cm), largo del racimo (cm), diámetro del raquis (cm), peso del racimo (kg). Las conclusiones de este presente estudio son las plantas del cultivar Plátano Cuerno desarrolladas en la finca Santa Ana en comparación de las plantas establecidas en Los Panchos registraron valores estadísticamente superiores en la mayoría de las variables morfológicas y de rendimiento debido a un adecuado manejo agronómico (agua, suelo, fertilización). Los rendimientos estimados obtenidos en la localidad Santa Ana (23,100 kg. ha-1, de 24,454 Kg. ha-1) puede ser consideradas aceptables según rendimientos óptimos reportados por (BCN, 2002). No así las plantas de Los Panchos que obtuvieron rendimientos inferiores (20,400 kg. ha-1).

Comportamiento agronómico con las prácticas de deshije y sin deshije en vitroplantas de plátano (Musa spp) cultivar cuerno, genotipo (AAB) y el estudio de correlaciones lineales entre caracteres para facilitar la selección temprana de plantas con buen rendimiento

En vista que el cultivo del plátano en Nicaragua presenta serios problemas que afectan el rendimiento, principalmente el uso de material de propagación de mala calidad genética y fitosanitaria y el mal manejo agronómico, se realizó el presente estudio con los objetivos de evaluar la dinámica del crecimiento vegetativo de vitroplantas de plátano (Musa spp.) cultivar Cuerno (AAB) en condiciones de campo; determinar el efecto de el deshije sobre el rendimiento e identificar caracteres precoses relacionados con el rendimiento para facilitar así la selección de plantas madres fuentes de semilla mediante correlaciones lineales. El estudio fue establecido en el Centro Experimental El Plantel ubicado en el km 42 carretera Masaya-Tipitapa municipio de Sambrano, se establecieron seis bloques, a tres se les aplicó a los siete meses la práctica de deshije que consistió en la elimación total de hijos presentes extrayéndolos completamente. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (BCA) con arreglo unifactorial conformado por tres bloques por tratamiento. Cada bloque estaba conformado por 4 surcos de 12 m de longitud, conteniendo 28 plantas de plátano a distancias de 2 m entre plantas y 2 m entre surcos. Se evaluaron 10 plantas del área de la parcela útil. Se evaluaron las variables altura de planta (cm), diámetro del grosor del pseudotallo (cm), número de hojas, largo de la hoja y ancho de la hoja (cm); y las variables de rendimiento número de manos por racimo, número de dedos por racimo, longitud de los dedos de la primera mano (cm), longitud de los dedos de la penúltima mano (cm), diámetro del dedo central de la primera mano (cm), diámetro del dedo central de la penúltima mano (cm), peso del racimo (kg), longitud del ráquis (cm) y diámetro del ráquis (cm). Únicamente se encontró diferencia estadística en el número de dedos obteniendo valores máximos de 30.57 dedos por racimo, para una estimación del rendimiento por hectárea de 76,425 dedos en rangos aceptables. Los valores inferiores se presentaron en plantas con hijos con rendimiento de 25.10 dedos para un rendimiento por hectárea de 62,150 dedos.

Micropropagación de apices caulinares en platano (Musa spp. AAB) cultivar Cuerno Gigante

El estudio se realizó en el laboratorio de cultivo de tejidos de la Universidad Nacional Agraria de diciembre 2008 a enero 2010. En el centro experimental de FAGRO se seleccionaron hijos de plátano (Musa spp AAB) cultivar Cuerno Gigante para el estudio de los diferentes factores en las cuatro fases de la micropropagación. En el establecimiento se evaluó el efecto del Bencil amino purina y Ácido indolacético. En multiplicación se estudió la respuesta de los tejidos a los medios de cultivo, volumen del frasco, número de plantas por frasco y número de subcultivos. En la fase de enraizamiento se evaluó el efecto del AIA y sacarosa en la producción de raíces, y en la fase de aclimatación las correlaciones entre variables morfológicas. Los datos de establecimiento se analizaron en Cuadros porcentuales, en las fases de multiplicación y enraizamiento con el diseño bloques completos al azar, se determinaron los mejores tratamientos mediante el análisis de Duncan y Waller. Todos los ápices establecidos segregaron fenoles y en el medio con 1 mg l-1 BAP la formación de plantas fue del 20%. A partir del segundo subcultivo los medios que contenían 2 mgl-1 de BAP incrementaron los porcentajes de brotación. Con 5 y 7 plantas por frasco de 220 y 430 ml se obtuvieron los mejores promedios de brotación axilar, longitud del pseudotallo y de número de hojas. Con 7 plantas por frasco se disminuyó en 28.93% la cantidad de frascos y de medios de cultivo en comparación con 5 plantas por frasco. La mejor producción de raíces se consiguió en las sales MS con 30 gl-1 de sacarosa consistencia semi-sólida. En fase de aclimatación el número de raíces tuvo correlación significativa y positiva con longitud del pseudotallo y volumen de raíces, también hubo correlación positiva y significativa entre número de hojas y longitud del pseudotallo, resultando de gran importancia en la determinación del crecimiento y comportamiento futuro de las plantas.

Incidência de fungos em pós-colheita de banana 'Prata anã'(Musa AAB)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a ocorrência e a freqüência de fungos em banana 'Prata anã' e elucidar o agente causal das podridões em pós-colheita de frutos provenientes do norte de Minas Gerais. Dois métodos de isolamento foram adotados: diluição em placas, a partir da lavagem de frutos verdes, e direto de frutos maduros. Os fungos Colletotrichum musae, Trichoderma harzianum, Fusarium equisetii, Penicillium sp. Aspergillus parasiticus, Trichothecium roseum, Colletotrichum acutatum, Alternaria sp., Cladosporium musae e Curvularia lunata foram os mais freqüentemente associados aos frutos. A patogenicidade desses fungos foi testada pela substituição de discos da casca de frutos verdes por discos de micélio. Colletotrichum musae apresentou área média lesionada em torno do ponto de inoculação igual a 5,8 cm², enquanto para os demais fungos testados não passou de 1,50 cm². Os resultados mostraram que C. musae é o agente primário das podridões dos frutos examinados com 100 % de incidência e os demais fungos limitaram-se a necrosar os ferimentos em torno do ponto de inoculação. O modo de infecção latente, causada por C. musae, parece favorecer, primeiramente, a colonização interna dos tecidos e, posteriormente, a ação dos fungos oportunistas, que aceleram as podridões nos frutos e na coroa.

Efeitos da adubação com composto orgânico na fertilidade do solo, desenvolvimento, produção e qualidade de frutos de bananeira 'prata-anã' (Musa AAB)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aspecto éticos na organização do conhecimento na prática profissional arquivística: um estudo dos princípios de ética da AAB, CIA e SAA

An axiological discussion is drawn from the analysis of the three codes of ethics in archives developed by the Association of Brazilian Archivists (AAB), the International Council on Archives (ICA) and the Society of American Archivists (SAA), presenting a framework of ethical values for the activities related to the organization and representation of knowledge, thus contributing to the theoretical framework underlying the social issues in Archival science.

Incidência de fungos em pós-colheita de banana 'Prata anã'(Musa AAB)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a ocorrência e a freqüência de fungos em banana 'Prata anã' e elucidar o agente causal das podridões em pós-colheita de frutos provenientes do norte de Minas Gerais. Dois métodos de isolamento foram adotados: diluição em placas, a partir da lavagem de frutos verdes, e direto de frutos maduros. Os fungos Colletotrichum musae, Trichoderma harzianum, Fusarium equisetii, Penicillium sp. Aspergillus parasiticus, Trichothecium roseum, Colletotrichum acutatum, Alternaria sp., Cladosporium musae e Curvularia lunata foram os mais freqüentemente associados aos frutos. A patogenicidade desses fungos foi testada pela substituição de discos da casca de frutos verdes por discos de micélio. Colletotrichum musae apresentou área média lesionada em torno do ponto de inoculação igual a 5,8 cm², enquanto para os demais fungos testados não passou de 1,50 cm². Os resultados mostraram que C. musae é o agente primário das podridões dos frutos examinados com 100 % de incidência e os demais fungos limitaram-se a necrosar os ferimentos em torno do ponto de inoculação. O modo de infecção latente, causada por C. musae, parece favorecer, primeiramente, a colonização interna dos tecidos e, posteriormente, a ação dos fungos oportunistas, que aceleram as podridões nos frutos e na coroa.

Corporate social and environmental responsibility in relation to the agricultural sector and the food supply chain : a Case Study of Waitrose

Waitrose has a strong commitment to organic farming but also uses products from 'conventional' farms. At the production stage, Waitrose own-label products are fully traceable, GM-free and all suppliers undergo a detailed assessment programme based on current best practice. Crop suppliers to Waitrose operate an authenticity programme to certify that each assignment is GM-free and produce is screened for pesticide residues. Waitrose sources conventional crops grown from 'Integrated Crop Management Systems' (ICMS) using best horticultural practices. The 'Assured Product' scheme regulates all UK produce to ICMS standards and these audits are being extended worldwide. Business is withdrawn from suppliers who fail the audit. In relation to this, Waitrose has increased its Fairtrade range as in its view 'Buying these products provides direct additional benefit to workers in the developing countries where they are produced and assists marginal producers by giving them access to markets they would not otherwise have'. Currently, Waitrose is developing its own sustainable timber assessment criteria. For livestock, protocols are in place to ensure that animals are reared under the 'most natural conditions possible' and free range produce is offered where animals have access to open space although some produce is not from free-range animals. Waitrose also use a 'Hazards Analysis Critical Points' system to identify food safety hazards that occur at any stage from production to point of sale and to ensure that full measures are in place to control them. In addition, mechanisms have been implemented to reduce fuel use and hence reduce CO2 emissions in the transport of products and staff, and to increase the energy use efficiency of refrigeration systems which account for approximately 60% of Waitrose energy use.

El Aprendizaje Informado

Welcome to Informed Learning. If you have opened this book, it is probably because you are interested in how people learn. It may also be because you are interested in how learners interact with their information environment and would like to help them do so in ways that help them learn better. What should we teach and how, so that our students will use information successfully, creatively and responsibly in their journey as lifelong learners? Informed learning provides a unique perspective on helping students become successful learners in our rapidly evolving information environments. It presents a new framework for informed learning, that will enable teachers, librarians, researchers and teacher-researchers to work together as they continue to respond to the need to help students use information to learn. Do you want to help your students engage with the information practices of their discipline or chosen profession? Are you looking for ideas to invigorate and refresh your curriculum? Are you looking for ways to help your students write better essays or search the internet more successfully? Are you looking for strategies to enhance your research supervision? Are you trying to discover how information literacy and information literacy education can contribute to academic curriculum? Informed Learning can help you. Informed learning is using information, creatively and reflectively, in order to learn. It is learning that draws on the different ways in which we use information in academic, professional and community life; and it is learning that draws on emerging understanding of our varied experiences of using information to learn. Indeed, we cannot learn without using information. It is problemetising the interdependence between information use and learning that is the foundation of this book. Most of the time we take for granted that aspect of learning which we call information use. What might happen to the learning experience if we attend to it? Informed Learning examines research into the experience of using information to learn in academic, workplace and community contexts, that can be used to inform learning and learning design at many levels. It draws on contemporary higher education teaching and learning theory to suggest ways forward for a learning agenda that values the need for engaging with the wider world of information. In doing so, it offers a new and unified framework for implementing curriculum that recognises the importance of successful, creative and reflective information use as a strategy for learning as well as a learning outcome; and proposes a research agenda that will continue to inform learning. Informed Learning reconceptualises information literacy as being about engaging in information practices in order to learn; engaging with the different ways of using information to learn. Based on the author’s work in developing the seven faces of information literacy, it proposes the need for teaching and learning to 1) bring about new ways of experiencing and using information, and 2) engage students with those information practices relevant to their discipline or profession. This book is written for a diverse audience of educators from many disciplines, curriculum designers, researchers, and administrators. While this book both establishes a new approach to learning design and an associated research agenda, it is also intended to be practical. I have sought to ground the ideas in practice through: • using Steve and Jane as academics from different disciplines on a journey; experiencing the implementation of informed learning; • using examples from the literature and personal experience; • using reflective questions towards the end of each chapter. In this book you will find many examples of how people experience information use as they go about learning in different contexts. The research reported here shows that as people go about learning they interact with information in different ways. They may be learning about a content area in a formal context, they may be engaged in informal learning as they go about their everyday work, or they may be learning through doing original research. The emphasis on experience and ways of seeing comes from the work of researchers into student learning such as Ference Marton, Paul Ramsden, Shirley Booth, Michael Prosser, Keith Trigwell and others who have shown that, if we are to help students learn, we must first be aware of how they experience those aspects of the world about which they are learning. Different ways of reading this book The first three chapters of this book establish the broad theoretical framework for informed learning; and the remaining chapters consider the out workings of this in a range of contexts. If you want to browse the general directions of this book, read the narratives at the start of each chapter. If you want to see how the book might influence your practice, read the narratives and the reflective questions at the end of each chapter. If you want to help your students become informed learners in their discipline or profession, focus on chapters one, two, three and five. If you are looking for help with students engaged in information practices such as internet searching or essay writing, focus on chapters one, three and four. If you are interested in informed learning in the community or workplace, focus on chapters one, two, three and six. If you want to help your research students become informed learners, focus on chapters one, two, three, seven and eight. If you are working with colleagues to promote information literacy education and are looking for ideas, read chapter nine. If you are interested in researching informed learning read chapter ten

Characterisation and early detection of an offtype from micropropagated Lady Finger bananas

An offtype has been identified from micropropagated Lady Finger bananas (Musa spp., AAB group, Pome subgroup) that is characterised by its slow growth and poor bunch size. Bunch weights were approximately 25% those of normal Lady Finger plants and all of the fruit produced was unmarketable. This particular offtype is the most commonly encountered from micropropagated Lady Finger plants and, in 2 instances, blocks of 3000 and 1500 plants were entirely comprised of this single offtype. Detection of offtype plants was possible during establishment and growth of plants in the glasshouse by the presence of chlorotic streaks in the leaves. In more severe cases the streaks coalesced into chlorotic patches that developed thin, necrotic areas that eventually produced holes or splits in the leaves. Symptom expression was not ameliorated by the addition of fertiliser and even though symptoms were similar to severe Ca and B deficiency, both normal and offtype plants had similar levels of these elements in the leaves. The offtype plants were also slow growing in the glasshouse and produced significantly (P<0.05) smaller pseudostems and leaves than normal plants. Offtype plants could be readily detected after 4 weeks deflasking using the presence of chlorotic streaks in the leaves as the main selection criterion. Maximum discrimination was possible between weeks 5–7 and at the 6-leaf stage when all of the offtypes could be detected.

Inconsistent Transmission of Banana Bunchy Top Virus in Micropropagated Bananas and its Implication for Germplasm Screening

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) was readily transmitted through tissue culture in banana (Mum sp.) cv. Lady finger (AAB) and Cavendish cv. Williams (AAA). Lines derived from infected and healthy field plants had similar in vitro multiplication rates. BBTV infected in vitro cultures displayed symptoms of stunting, leaf curling, chlorotic and green flecks, and poor root growth. Symptoms became milder with time, and were often difficult to discern in older, rapidly multiplying cultures. A triple antibody sandwich ELISA using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies was very efficient for detecting BBTV in vitro. Symptomless, ELISA-negative plants arose in 10 out of 11 lines derived from BBTV-infected field plants and first appeared after 9 months continuous in vitro culture at a constant 28OC. Meristem tip culture or heat therapy was not used. These plants remained symptomless and ELISA-negative after planting out in the glasshouse (individual plants checked for up to 16 months). The implications of this inconsistent transmission of BBTV for germplasm indexing and exchange are discussed.

The influence of planting density on the production of 'Goldfinger' (Musa spp., AAAB) in the subtropics

'Goldfinger', a tetraploid banana produced from the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA) breeding program, was released to the Australian industry in 1995. It was promoted as an apple-flavoured dessert banana with resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 and subtropical race 4, as well as resistance to black and yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis and M. musicola, respectively). This study was initiated to provide agronomic information to the banana industry, which was under threat from Fusarium wilt, on a new cultivar which could replace 'Williams' (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) or 'Lady Finger' (AAB, Pome subgroup) in those areas affected by Fusarium wilt. Also few studies had reported on the production characteristics of the new tetraploid hybrids, especially from subtropical areas, and therefore two field sites, one a steep-land farm and the other a level, more productive site, were selected for planting density and spatial arrangement treatments. The optimum density in terms of commercial production, taking into account bunch weight, finger size, length of the production cycle, plant height and ease of management, was 1680 plants/ha on the steep-land site where plants were planted in single rows with 2.5 m × 2.5 m spacings. However on the level site a double-row triangular layout with inter-row distances of 4.5 m to allow vehicular access (1724 plants/ha) gave the best results. With this arrangement plants were in an alternate, triangular arrangement along a row and a spacing of 1.5 m between plants at the points of each triangle and between each block of triangles.

Determination of baryon magnetic moments from QCD sum rules

The magnetic moment μB of a baryon B with quark content (aab) is written as μB=4ea(1+δB)eħ/2cMB, where ea is the charge of the quark of flavor type a. The experimental values of δB have a simple pattern and have a natural explanation within QCD. Using the ratio method, the QCD sum rules are analyzed and the values of δB are computed. We find good agreement with data (≊10%) for the nucleons and the Σ multiplet while for the cascade the agreement is not as good. In our analysis we have incorporated additional terms in the operator-product expansion as compared to previous authors. We also clarify some points of disagreement between the previous authors. External-field-induced correlations describing the magnetic properties of the vacuum are estimated from the baryon magnetic-moment sum rules themselves as well as by independent spectral representations and the results are contrasted.

Growth, yield and Fusarium wilt resistance of six FHIA tetraploid bananas (Musa spp.) grown in the Australian subtropics

Six tetraploid hybrids from Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA) were evaluated in Australia over a five year period. They included three AAAA hybrids (FHIA-02, FHIA-17 and FHIA-23) and three AAAB hybrids (FHIA-01, FHIA-18 and SH-3640.10) and they were compared with industry standards, ‘Williams’ (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) and ‘Lady Finger’ (AAB, Pome subgroup). They were screened for their resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 and subtropical race 4 caused by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense and they were also grown for several cycles on farms not infested with Fusarium wilt to record their agronomic characteristics. The AAAB hybrids, all derived from female parent ‘Prata Anã’ (AAB, Pome subgroup) were the most resistant to both races of Fusarium wilt and were very productive in the subtropics. They were significantly more productive than ‘Lady Finger’, which was susceptible to both races of Fusarium wilt. The AAAA hybrids, with the exception of FHIA-02 which was very susceptible to Fusarium wilt and displayed the poorest agronomic traits of the six hybrids, produced bunch weights as good as Cavendish but were significantly slower to cycle. FHIA-17 and FHIA-23, both derived from the female parent ‘Highgate’ (AAA, Gros Michel subgroup), were also significantly more resistant to Fusarium wilt than ‘Gros Michel’, while FHIA-17 demonstrated a level of resistance similar to ‘Williams’ and FHIA-23 was intermediate between ‘Lady Finger’ and ‘Williams’