Algunas reflexiones acerca de la construcción del espacio en el cuento "A Drink in the Passage" de Alan Paton : Desafíos para la traducción

El presente trabajo constituye un primer acercamiento al estudio de los cuentos comprendidos en Tales of a Troubled Land del escritor sudafricano Alan Paton (1903-1988). A modo de introducción, haremos una breve reseña histórico-social de la Sudáfrica del apartheid (Cottrell, 2005; Gibson, 2009) que vincularemos con información biográfica del escritor (Paton, 1966; Lirola, 2008). Esta información resultará, a nuestro entender, relevante al momento de hacer una lectura profunda del cuento. Luego, estudiaremos cómo se conforman los espacios interno / externo (Foucault, 1986), especialmente aquellos que posibilitan el encuentro de blancos y negros (Barnard, 2007), con el fin de explorar cómo aparecen las barreras raciales en el texto. Por último, y a la luz de lo anterior, plantearemos algunas cuestiones centrales que se constituyen en desafíos al momento de abocarnos a la tarea de traducir este cuento, especialmente las relacionadas a la metáfora cristalizada en el 'passage' que, nombrado en el título, sirve de eje estructurador de la acción. Según nuestra hipótesis, la traducción de la construcción del espacio se vuelve un desafío ya que la distribución de los espacios y la circulación de la población en y entre ellos son inherentes al apartheid, no sólo en cuanto al sistema de segregación que el término designa, o al momento histórico en el que fue implementado, sino a la (im)posibilidad de que los individuos de las diferentes razas coexistan y se interrelacionen en una tierra que (no) les es común, en un espacio construido culturalmente desde la separación en lugar de desde la unidad

Algunas reflexiones acerca de la construcción del espacio en el cuento "A Drink in the Passage" de Alan Paton : Desafíos para la traducción

El presente trabajo constituye un primer acercamiento al estudio de los cuentos comprendidos en Tales of a Troubled Land del escritor sudafricano Alan Paton (1903-1988). A modo de introducción, haremos una breve reseña histórico-social de la Sudáfrica del apartheid (Cottrell, 2005; Gibson, 2009) que vincularemos con información biográfica del escritor (Paton, 1966; Lirola, 2008). Esta información resultará, a nuestro entender, relevante al momento de hacer una lectura profunda del cuento. Luego, estudiaremos cómo se conforman los espacios interno / externo (Foucault, 1986), especialmente aquellos que posibilitan el encuentro de blancos y negros (Barnard, 2007), con el fin de explorar cómo aparecen las barreras raciales en el texto. Por último, y a la luz de lo anterior, plantearemos algunas cuestiones centrales que se constituyen en desafíos al momento de abocarnos a la tarea de traducir este cuento, especialmente las relacionadas a la metáfora cristalizada en el 'passage' que, nombrado en el título, sirve de eje estructurador de la acción. Según nuestra hipótesis, la traducción de la construcción del espacio se vuelve un desafío ya que la distribución de los espacios y la circulación de la población en y entre ellos son inherentes al apartheid, no sólo en cuanto al sistema de segregación que el término designa, o al momento histórico en el que fue implementado, sino a la (im)posibilidad de que los individuos de las diferentes razas coexistan y se interrelacionen en una tierra que (no) les es común, en un espacio construido culturalmente desde la separación en lugar de desde la unidad

Algunas reflexiones acerca de la construcción del espacio en el cuento "A Drink in the Passage" de Alan Paton : Desafíos para la traducción

El presente trabajo constituye un primer acercamiento al estudio de los cuentos comprendidos en Tales of a Troubled Land del escritor sudafricano Alan Paton (1903-1988). A modo de introducción, haremos una breve reseña histórico-social de la Sudáfrica del apartheid (Cottrell, 2005; Gibson, 2009) que vincularemos con información biográfica del escritor (Paton, 1966; Lirola, 2008). Esta información resultará, a nuestro entender, relevante al momento de hacer una lectura profunda del cuento. Luego, estudiaremos cómo se conforman los espacios interno / externo (Foucault, 1986), especialmente aquellos que posibilitan el encuentro de blancos y negros (Barnard, 2007), con el fin de explorar cómo aparecen las barreras raciales en el texto. Por último, y a la luz de lo anterior, plantearemos algunas cuestiones centrales que se constituyen en desafíos al momento de abocarnos a la tarea de traducir este cuento, especialmente las relacionadas a la metáfora cristalizada en el 'passage' que, nombrado en el título, sirve de eje estructurador de la acción. Según nuestra hipótesis, la traducción de la construcción del espacio se vuelve un desafío ya que la distribución de los espacios y la circulación de la población en y entre ellos son inherentes al apartheid, no sólo en cuanto al sistema de segregación que el término designa, o al momento histórico en el que fue implementado, sino a la (im)posibilidad de que los individuos de las diferentes razas coexistan y se interrelacionen en una tierra que (no) les es común, en un espacio construido culturalmente desde la separación en lugar de desde la unidad

ADOLESCENCE AND DRUG USE THROUGH THE LENS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS: SUFFERING AND ECSTASY IN THE PASSAGE

ADOLESCENCE AND DRUG USE THROUGH THE LENS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS: SUFFERING AND ECSTASY IN THE PASSAGE The purpose of this study is to reflect upon the psychological factors of adolescent drug addiction according to a psychoanalytic perspective. First we consider adolescence as a social-historical category and then we discuss the psychoanalytic understanding of the adolescent transition. This theoretical path builds the approach that considers drug use as a phenomenon that serves as a passage ritual to contemporary adolescence. This phenomenon is modulated by the drive organization, which determines how the individual will take ownership of the use of psychoactive substances. We conclude that the substance use may function as a buffer-object, activated to deal with the structural fragility of the contemporary affective bonds.

Influence of anabolic steroid treatment associated to physical exercise in the ultrasonic vocalization of rats

Unlike humans, who communicate in frequency bands between 250 Hz and 6 kHz, rats can communicate in frequencies above 18 kHz. Their vocalization types depend on the context and are normally associated to subjective or emotional states. It was reported significant vocal changes due to administration of replacement testosterone in a trained tenor singer with hypogonadism. Speech-Language Pathology clinical practices are being sought by singers who sporadically use anabolic steroids associated with physical exercise. They report difficulties in reaching and keeping high notes, ""breakage"" in the passage of musical notes and post singing vocal fatigue. Those abnormalities could be raised by the association of anabolic steroids and physical exercise. Thus, in order to verify if this association could promote vocal changes, maximum, minimum and fundamental frequencies and call duration in rats treated with anabolic steroids and physically trained (10 weeks duration) were evaluated. The vocalizations were obtained by handling the animals. At the end of that period, rats treated and trained showed significant decrease in call duration, but not in other parameters. The decrease in call duration could be associated to functional alterations in the vocal folds of treated and trained animals due to a synergism between anabolic steroids and physical training. (C) 2010 Acoustical Society of America. [DOI: 10.1121/1.3488350]

First-passage and escape problems in the Feller process

The Feller process is an one-dimensional diffusion process with linear drift and state-dependent diffusion coefficient vanishing at the origin. The process is positive definite and it is this property along with its linear character that have made Feller process a convenient candidate for the modeling of a number of phenomena ranging from single-neuron firing to volatility of financial assets. While general properties of the process have long been well known, less known are properties related to level crossing such as the first-passage and the escape problems. In this work we thoroughly address these questions.

First-passage and escape problems in the Feller process

The Feller process is an one-dimensional diffusion process with linear drift and state-dependent diffusion coefficient vanishing at the origin. The process is positive definite and it is this property along with its linear character that have made Feller process a convenient candidate for the modeling of a number of phenomena ranging from single-neuron firing to volatility of financial assets. While general properties of the process have long been well known, less known are properties related to level crossing such as the first-passage and the escape problems. In this work we thoroughly address these questions.

How Niagara was made free : The passage of Niagara Reservation Act in 1885 /

Reprinted from the Buffalo Historical Society Publications.

The effects of a soft drink tax in the UK

The majority of the UK population is either overweight or obese. Health economists, nutritionists and doctors are calling for the UK to follow the example of other European countries and introduce a tax on soft drinks as a result of the perception that high intakes contribute to diet-related disease. We use a demand model estimated with household-level data on beverage purchases in the UK to investigate the effects of a tax on soft drink consumption. The model is a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System, and censoring is handled by applying a double hurdle. Separate models are estimated for low, moderate and high consumers to allow for a differential impact on consumption between these groups. Applying different hypothetical tax rates, we conclude that understanding the nature of substitute/complement relationships is crucial in designing an effective policy as these relationships differ between consumers depending on their consumption level. The overall impact of a soft drink tax on calorie consumption is likely to be small.

The rite of passage from regular to connoisseur consumer: the role of the taste transformation ritual in the specialty coffee context

Apesar de o campo da cultura de consumo ter abordado o papel do ritual no consumo, definindo e descrevendo este constructo e explicando suas dimensões, significados culturais, elementos, componentes e práticas, assim como revelando a diferenciação nas práticas dos consumidores, nenhuma pesquisa ainda identificou como os consumidores, por meio de práticas de ritual, estabelecem e manipulam suas próprias diferenciações em relação a outros consumidores durante o rito de passagem deles de uma categoria cultural de pessoa para outra. Tendo como base conceitos-chaves da teoria sobre ritual, minha pesquisa aborda o papel do ritual no consume de apreciação. Conduzindo um estudo etnográfico sobre consumo de apreciação de cafés especiais, eu realizei uma imersão no campo, visitando e observando consumidores em cafeterias independentes de destaque na América do Norte – Toronto, Montreal, Seattle e Nova York – de agosto de 2013 a julho de 2014. Eu também realizei uma imersão no contexto de cafés especiais no Brasil em Belo Horizonte e São Paulo, de agosto de 2014 a janeiro de 2015, para comparar e contrastar as culturas de consume de cafés especiais de Brasil, Estados Unidos e Canadá. Eu usei entrevistas longas, observação participante, netnografia, introspecção e análise histórica de artigos de jornais para coletar os dados, que foram interpretados utilizando a abordagem hermenêutica, comparando os consumidores em diferentes estágios durante o rito de passagem de apreciação. Para estender meu entendimento sobre o consumo de apreciação, eu também coletei dados sobre o contexto de consumo de vinho. Nesta tese, eu introduzo a ideia de ritual de transformação do gosto, teorizando sobre o processo do rito de passagem de apreciação, que converte consumidores regulares em consumidores apreciadores. Minha pesquisa revela que consumidores apreciadores são amadores em diferentes estágios do rito de passagem de apreciação. Eles se transformam pelo estabelecimento e reforço de oposições entre o consume de massa e de apreciação. O ritual de transformação do gosto envolve os seguintes elementos: (1) variação nas escolhas de produtos de alta qualidade, (2) o lugar para realizar a degustação, (3) o momento da degustação, (4) o ato de degustar, (5) investimento de tempo e dinheiro, (6) aumento do capital subcultural e social, (7) perseverança no rito de passagem. Os consumidores apreciadores participam da comunidade de consumo de apreciação. Essa comunidade heterogênea é composta por profissionais excelentes, apreciadores e consumidores regulares. As forças que direcionam a comunidade, de acordo com o que foi identificado no estudo, são a produção de capital social e subcultural, emulação do profissional e das práticas de ritual de consumo, tensões de performance entre os membros da comunidade, amizade comercial e jogo de status. Eu desenvolvo uma ampla consideração teórica que desenvolve e estende um número de conceitos em relação a ritual e consumo, gosto, comunidade heterogênea e consumidores apreciadores.

The fish fauna in the fish passage at the Ourinhos Dam, Paranapanema River

The composition and abundance of the fish assemblage were evaluated in the fish ladder of Ourinhos Dam, the newest dam (closed in 2005) in the cascade of dams constructed on the Paranapanema River. Samplings were carried out three times on a diel cycle, in three sampling periods, two in the warm season and one in the cold season of 2008 - 2009. The ladder was closed and emptied and the entire fish assemblage was sampled and identified. Most individuals were released alive downstream of the dam. The assemblage found in the ladder was compared with the fish fauna sampled in the reservoir and in downstream sites, in the same period. Twenty seven species and a total of 4682 individuals were caught in the ladder. Pimelodus maculatus was the only migratory species, which was caught in low number in the ladder (0.04% of the total captured), where small sedentary species predominated. The most abundant species were the non-migratory Apareiodon affinis, Bryconamericus stramineus, Astyanax fasciatus and Parodon nasus. Individuals observed in the ladder's window were moving up-and down the passage. The fish ladder is a microhabitat inhabited by an abundant association of benthic organisms that is probably used as a food resource for the fish assemblage in the ladder. The similarity between the fish fauna in the ladder and that of the Ourinhos Reservoir was low (26%). The species richness of migrants in the stretch between the uspstream reservoir (Chavantes) and the downstream one (Salto Grande), before the Ourinhos dam closure (23 species) was reduced to 16 and 12 species in Salto Grande and Ourinhos reservoirs, respectively, after the dam closure, and to a single species in the ladder.

Stable N isotope composition of nitrate reflects N transformations during the passage of water through a montane rain forest in Ecuador

Knowledge of the fate of deposited N in the possibly N-limited, highly biodiverse north Andean forests is important because of the possible effects of N inputs on plant performance and species composition. We analyzed concentrations and fluxes of NO3 −–N, NH4 +–N and dissolved organic N (DON) in rainfall, throughfall, litter leachate, mineral soil solutions (0.15–0.30 m depths) and stream water in a montane forest in Ecuador during four consecutive quarters and used the natural 15N abundance in NO3 − during the passage of rain water through the ecosystem and bulk δ15N values in soil to detect N transformations. Depletion of 15N in NO3 − and increased NO3 −–N fluxes during the passage through the canopy and the organic layer indicated nitrification in these compartments. During leaching from the organic layer to mineral soil and stream, NO3 − concentrations progressively decreased and were enriched in 15N but did not reach the δ15N values of solid phase organic matter (δ15N = 5.6–6.7‰). This suggested a combination of nitrification and denitrification in mineral soil. In the wettest quarter, the δ15N value of NO3 − in litter leachate was smaller (δ15N = −1.58‰) than in the other quarters (δ15N = −9.38 ± SE 0.46‰) probably because of reduced mineralization and associated fractionation against 15N. Nitrogen isotope fractionation of NO3 − between litter leachate and stream water was smaller in the wettest period than in the other periods probably because of a higher rate of denitrification and continuous dilution by isotopically lighter NO3 −–N from throughfall and nitrification in the organic layer during the wettest period. The stable N isotope composition of NO3 − gave valuable indications of N transformations during the passage of water through the forest ecosystem from rainfall to the stream.

Bacchus and Civic Order: The Culture of Drink in Early Modern Germany / Bacchus und die bürgerliche Ordnung. Die Kultur des Trinkens im frühneuzeitlichen Augsburg

Lining the streets inside the city's gates, clustered in its center, and thinly scattered among its back quarters were Augsburg's taverns and drinking rooms. These institutions ranged from the poorly lit rooms of backstreet wine sellers to the elaborate marble halls frequented by society's most privileged members. Urban drinking rooms provided more than food, drink, and lodging for their guests. They also conferred upon their visitors a sense of social identity commensurate with their status. Like all German cities, Augsburg during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had a history shaped by the political events attending the Reformation, the post-Reformation, and the Thirty Years' War; its social and political character was also reflected and supported by its public and private drinking rooms. In Bacchus and Civic Order: The Culture of Drink in Early Modern Germany, Ann Tlusty examines the social and cultural functions served by drinking and tavern life in Germany between 1500 and 1700, and challenges existing theories about urban identity, sociability, and power. Through her reconstruction of the social history of Augsburg, from beggars to council members, Tlusty also sheds light on such diverse topics as social ritual, gender and household relations, medical practice, and the concerns of civic leaders with public health and poverty. Drunkenness, dueling, and other forms of tavern comportment that may appear "disorderly" to us today turn out to be the inevitable, even desirable result of a society functioning according to its own rules.