Un impuesto singular: el diezmo-señor y la sal en Añana, siglos XVI-XIX

[ES]Cuando a partir de 1564 las salinas de Añana comenzaron a producir para la Corona, sus propietarios se vieron obligados a pagar al rey un tributo anual por el uso de las mueras, admitidas como un ius regalia de la monarquía: el diezmoseñor. Desde entonces, todo el entramado de la fabricación y venta de la sal se organizó en torno a él. En este artículo se analizan algunas de las características de este canon tan singular que se mantuvo en vigor hasta el siglo XX.

Análisis cinemático de la pared de sal Euskal balea (Golfo de Bizkaia) y de los diapiros salinos de Salinas de Añana y Maestu (Cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica, Álava)

324 p.

New estimates for CRNA vacancies

A national survey to estimate vacancy rates of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) in hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers was conducted in 2007. Poisson regression methods were used to improve the precision of the estimates. A significant increase in the estimated vacancy rate was reported for hospitals relative to an earlier study from 2002, although it is important to note that there were some methodological differences between the 2 surveys explaining part of the increase. Results from this study found the vacancy rate was higher in rural hospitals than in nonrural hospitals, and it was lower in ambulatory surgical centers. A number of simulations were run to predict the effects of relevant changes in the market for surgeries and number of CRNAs, which were compared to the predictions from the previous survey. The remarkable factor since the last survey was the unusually large rate of new CRNAs entering the market, yet the vacancy rates remain relatively high.

Salaries, recruitment, and retention for CRNA faculty - Part 1

The nature of differences in salaries between academic faculty and Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) working in clinical positions using recently collected data are explored. The differences in median salaries among program directors, assistant program directors, academic faculty, and clinical faculty are large. Furthermore, survey results imply that the most important barrier to recruiting teaching faculty is salary differentials. Part 1 of this 2-part column discusses salaries, recruitment, and retention of CRNA faculty; Part 2, to be published in the June 2008 issue, will focus on clinical faculty contributions to the education of CRNAs.

Clinical faculty : major contributors to the education of new CRNAs - Part 2

This study examines the important contributions of clinical faculty toward the education of the future workforce of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs). Differences in workload, work activities and income among clinical faculty, academic faculty and nonfaculty are examined. This is Part 2 of a 2-part column. Part 1, published in the April 2008 AANA Journal discussed salaries, recruitment, and retention of CRNA faculty.

Supply, demand, and equilibrium in the market for CRNAs

This study determined the current trends in supply, demand, and equilibrium (ie, the level of employment where supply equals demand) in the market for Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs). It also forecasts future needs for CRNAs given different possible scenarios. The impact of the current availability of CRNAs, projected retirements, and changes in the demand for surgeries are considered in relation to CRNAs needed for the future. The study used data from many sources to estimate models associated with the supply and demand for CRNAs and the relationship to relevant community and policy characteristics such as per capita income of the community and managed care. These models were used to forecast changes in surgeries and in the supply of CRNAs in the future. The supply of CRNAs has increased in recent years, stimulated by shortages of CRNAs and subsequent increases in the number of CRNAs trained. However, the increases have not offset the number of retiring CRNAs to maintain a constant age in the CRNA population. The average age will continue to increase for CRNAs in the near future despite increases in CRNAs trained. The supply of CRNAs in relation to surgeries will increase in the near future.

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的制备与应用研究

本文分三部分论述了聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的制备、结构、性质和在大分子稀水溶液浓缩方面的应用。I、聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的制备与研究用以下两种不同方法制备了丙烯酰胺（AM）-丙烯酚钠（AANa）共聚物水凝胶：i、AM-AANa直接辐射共聚：ii、AM水凝胶辐射均聚，再经碱水解。考察以上两个体系的凝胶化剂量，发现前者比后者的凝胶化剂量大一个数量级。理论推导得到水凝胶溶胀比Q_m，与吸收剂量R和共聚物中AANa含量Z之间存在以下关系式：Q_m~(-2/3) ∝ R/Z并用实验证实了所得到的理论关系式。在研究水凝胶溶胀比的影响因素时发现，水凝胶的溶胀比并不随其中的离子基团（-COO~-）含量的增加而无限增加。AM均聚物水凝胶和AANa均聚物水凝胶的溶胀比都不是很大（均不超过400），只有当两者以一定比例混合共聚时，才有最大的溶胀比（大于2000），提出了“有效阴离子”的概念以解释这些现象。在研究pH值对AM-AANa共聚物水凝胶溶胀比的影响时发现，在溶液pH为2.5-3.5之间，水凝胶发生了可逆的相转移，已吸水溶胀的水凝胶突然收缩，释放出所吸入的水，前后体积相差400倍。此外，溶液中无机盐浓度对水凝胶的溶胀比影响很大。当无机盐浓度大于0.01M时，其溶胀比急剧下降。II、用~(13)C-NMR技术研究AM-AANa辐射共聚物的序列分布用以下两种方法合成了线性AM-AANa共聚物：i、AM-AANa直接辐射共聚，ii、AM辐射均聚，再经碱部分水解。研究了AM-AANa共聚体系和AM均聚体系的吸收剂量，对单体转化率和聚合物分子量的影响。用~(13)C-NMR技术研究了AM均聚物、AANa均聚物和AM-AANa共聚物分子链的微观结构。AM均聚物和AANa均聚物中，羰基振动峰的化学位移分别约为180 ppm和185 ppm；而AM-AANa共聚物的羰基振动峰明显分裂成丙烯酰胺（M）和丙烯酸（A）两个区域，而每个区域又分裂成三重小峰。根据这些小峰的相对面积，可以得到其对应三组元的相对强度，由此得到共聚物的序列分布。我们研究了两种不同方法得到的AM-AANa共聚物的序列分布，将各三组元的相对强度，同由一级Markov统计模型所得到的理论曲线进行了比较，结果表明：i、对于AM-AANa直接共聚物，以M为中心的三组元M（M-bar）M、M（M-bar）M、A（M-bar）M的相对强度值同理论曲线较符合，而以A为中心的三组元A（A-bar）A、M（A-bar）A、M（A-bar）M的相对强度则同理论曲线有较大偏离。ii、对于部分水解产物，结果正好相反，即以A为中心的三组元的相对强度值同理论曲线较符合。iii、直接共聚物嵌段成份较多，A（A-bar）A的相对强度值较大；而部分水解产物交替成份较多，M（A-bar）M的相对强度较大。III、水凝胶吸水法浓缩大分子稀水溶液 蛋白质等生物高分子极不稳定，温度、压力等外界条件的变化，都可以导致蛋白质分子的变质，因而其稀水溶液的浓缩是一般方法难以实现的。本工作用AM-AANa共聚物水凝胶吸水溶胀的办法浓缩蛋白质稀水溶液。由于蛋白质分子具有巨大的排斥体积而不被水凝胶吸收，因而其水溶液得到浓缩。本方法在常温常压下进行，不会导致蛋白质分子的变质，而且浓缩过程中并不需要特殊的装置，因而此方法具有很大的可行性。利用AM-AANa共聚物的相转移现象，通过改变pH值，使吸水溶胀的水凝胶收缩，把所吸入的水释放出来，从而可反复使用水凝胶。我们对几种蛋白质分子稀水溶液进行了浓缩试验，浓缩效率均在80%以上，并发现影响浓缩效率的主要因素有以下几种：i、对于不同的蛋白质水溶液，其浓缩效率不同；ii、对于同一种蛋白质分子，浓缩效率与水溶液的浓度有关，溶液越稀，浓缩效果越好；iii、浓缩效率与水凝胶的交联密度有关。对AM-AANa共聚物水凝胶，可通过调节其吸收剂量R，改变其浓缩效率。

Preparation of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) aqueous latex dispersions using anionic polyelectrolyte as stabilizer

High-solids, low-viscosity, stable poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) aqueous latex dispersions were prepared by the dispersion polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and acrylic acid (AA) in an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate (AS) medium using anionic polyelectrolytes as stabilizers. The anionic polyelectrolytes employed include poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid sodium) (PAMPSNa) homopolymer and random copolymers of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid sodium (AMPSNa) with methacrylic acid sodium (MAANa), acrylic acid sodium (AANa) or acrylamide (AM). The influences of stabilizer's structure, composition, molecular weight and concentration, AA/AM molar feed ratio, total monomer, initiator and aqueous solution of AS concentration, and stirring speed on the monomer conversion, the particle size and distribution, the bulk viscosity and stability of the dispersions, and the intrinsic viscosity of the resulting copolymer were systematically investigated. Polydisperse spherical as well as ellipsoidal particles were formed in the system. The broad particle size distributions indicated that coalescence of the particles takes place to a greater extent.

STUDY ON THE RADIATION-INDUCED COPOLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLAMIDE WITH SODIUM ACRYLATE IN AQUEOUS-SOLUTION

In the present work, the mechanism of radiation-induced copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) with sodium acrylate (AANa) in aqueous solution was studied. A method to protect the copolymerization system from the crosslinking and a carbon-carbon mechanism to form gel in copolymerization reaction have been proposed. The condition to prepare the products with different molecular weight, especially with very high molecular weight were found.

Vida de la Princesa de Eboli

UANL

Long-term impact of a weight management summer camp on obese children

Background: interventions that focus on improving eating habits, increasing physical activity, and reducing sedentary behaviors on weight status and body mass index percentile and z-scores in youths have not been well documented. This study aimed to determine the short and long term effects of a 2-week residential weight management summer camp program for youths on weight, BMI, BMI percentile, and BMI z-score. ^ Methods: A sample of 73 obese multiethnic 10-14 years old youths (11.9 ± 1.4) attended a weight management camp called Kamp K'aana for two weeks and completed a 12-month follow-up on height and weight. As part of Kamp K'aana, participants received a series of nutrition, physical activity and behavioral lessons and were on an 1800 kcal per day meal plan. Anthropometric measurements of height and weight were taken to calculate participants' BMI percentiles and z-scores. Paired t-tests, chi square test and ANCOVA, adjusting for age, gender, and ethnicity were used to assess changes in body weight, BMI, BMI percentiles and BMI z-scores pre to two-weeks post-camp and 12 months post-camp. ^ Results: Significant reductions in body weight of 3.6 ± 1.4 (P = 0.0000), BMI of 1.4 ± 0.54 (P = 0.0000), BMI percentile of 0.45 ± 0.06 (P = 0.0000), and BMI z-score of 0.1 ± 0.06 (P = 0.0000) were observed at the end of the camp. Significant reductions in BMI z-scores (P < 0.001) and BMI percentile (P < 0.001) were observed at the 12-month reunion when compared to pre- and two-weeks post camp data. There was a significant increase in weight and BMI (P = 0.0000) at the 12-month reunion when compared to pre and post camp measurements. ^ Conclusion: Kamp K'aana has consistently shown short-term reductions in weight, BMI, BMI percentile, and BMI z-score. Results from analysis of long-term data suggest that this intervention had beneficial effects on body composition in an ethnically diverse population of obese children. Further research which includes a control group, larger sample size, and cost-analysis should be conducted.^

Criterios de selección de una estructura favorable para un almacenamiento de gas natural : Aplicación a escala de cuenca en la Península Ibérica

RESUMEN Este proyecto ha tenido por objetivo el estudio de la viabilidad de instalar un nuevo almacenamiento subterráneo de gas natural en España. Dentro de las diferentes posibilidades para emplazar el almacenamiento de gas natural se escogió el domo salino por ser la estructura geológica más favorable desde el punto de vista técnico y económico. Una vez escogido el domo salino, el estudio se centró en localizar una ubicación lo más favorable posible siendo el domo salino de Salinas de Añana el elegido. Una vez elegido el domo se procedió al estudio de la viabilidad técnica de la instalación; para ello se utilizaron estudios geológicos, gavimétricos y sondeos. Tras estos estudios se concluyó que en el domo salino de Salinas de Añana es posible la instalación de un almacenamiento subterráneo de gas natural y se procedió a la caracterización del almacenamiento. ABSTRACT This project has considered of installing a new underground natural gas storage in Spain. Among the different possibilities to place a natural gas storage, the salt dome was chosen because it was the geological strucutrure where the project was easier and more interesting economically. After that the study focused on looking for the location as favorable as possible. The best place was the salt dome of Salinas de Añana. Before the salt dome of Salinas de Añana was chosen this project tried to know if the setting-up of a natural gas storage is technical feasibility. For that were used geological studies, gravity studies and drillings. These studies concluded that is possible the setting-up and the study tried to describe technically this storage.

Sistema CAES en un domo salino integrando el almacenamiento de energía térmica

Este proyecto ha tenido por objetivo el estudio de la viabilidad de instalar un sistema de almacenamiento subterráneo de aire comprimido enlazado con una central térmica en España. Dentro de las diversas posibilidades para emplazar el sistema CAES se ha seleccionado el domo salino, por ser la estructura geológica más favorable técnica y económicamente. Con el cometido de encontrar la ubicación más favorable se escogió el domo de Salinas de Añana, y por cercanía geográfica con éste se seleccionó la central térmica de Iberdrola C. T. Pasajes. Una vez elegidos el domo y la central se realizó un estudio de viabilidad técnica y económica de la instalación, empleando estudios geológicos, gravimétricos y económicos. Tras dichos estudios se concluyó que la instalación es posible técnicamente en el domo Salinas de Añana y que se recuperará la inversión a partir del octavo año. ABSTRACT This project has aimed to study the feasibility of installing a system of underground storage of compressed air linked to a thermal plant in Spain. Among the different possibilities to place the CAES system is selected salt dome, as the technically and economically most favorable geological structure. The better dome was Salinas de Añana for its location and Iberdrola C.T. Pasajes was the nearest thermal power plant. Before the dome and thermal power plant were chosen, was performed a technical and economic studies using geological, gravimetric and economic studies. These studies concluded that is possible execute a CAES system in Salinas de Añana dome. The initial investment will pay off the eighth year.