Bicycle commuting and exposure to air pollution: A questionnaire-based investigation of perceptions, symptoms and risk management strategies

Background An increase in bicycle commuting participation may improve public health and traffic congestion in cities. Information on air pollution exposure (such as perception, symptoms and risk management) contributes to the responsible promotion of bicycle commuting participation. Methods To determine perceptions, symptoms and willingness for specific exposure risk management strategies of exposure to air pollution, a questionnaire-based cross-sectional investigation was conducted with adult bicycle commuters (n = 153; age = 41 ± 11 yr; 28% female). Results Frequency of acute respiratory signs and symptoms are positively-associated with in- and post-commute compared to pre-commute time periods (p < 0.05); greater positive-association is with respiratory disorder compared to healthy, and female compared to male, participants. The perception (although not signs or symptoms) of in-commute exposure to air pollution is positive-associated with the estimated level of in-commute proximity to motorised traffic. The majority of participants indicated a willingness (which varied with health status and gender) to adopt risk management strategies (with certain practical features) if shown to be appropriate and effective. Conclusions While acute signs and symptoms of air pollution exposure are indicated with bicycle commuting, and more so in susceptible individuals, there is willingness to manage exposure risk by adopting effective strategies with desirable features.

El problema económico del Magisterio.

Se analiza los ajustes y aumentos de sueldos que se produjeron en los años cincuenta en España entre el profesorado de Enseñanza Primaria. Conforme a las cifras aportadas, se incluyen también las conclusiones respecto a la subida de 1000 pesetas por quinquenio trabajado como maestro de Enseñanza Primaria. Además, se establece una escuela primaria gratuita, por Ley. En cuanto a la educación primaria de adultos en zonas rurales, el Ministerio de Educación deja en manos de los maestros destinados a estas localidades a establecer una cuantía económica cuando lo establezca conveniente para emprender dicha empresa.