Distribución de radionúclidos naturales (7Be y 210Pb) y antropogénicos (137Cs y 239,240Pu) en el Océano Ártico

La distribución de los radionúclidos (7Be, 137Cs, 210Pb y 239,240Pu) en los diferentes compartimentos (columna de agua, sedimentos del fondo y hielo) depende no sólo de las propiedades fisicoquímicas del propio radionúclido, sino también de los procesos que tienen lugar en el Océano Ártico. El hielo marino desempeña un papel relevante en la dispersión de los radionúclidos desde las áreas de formación del hielo a lo largo del Ártico debido a la liberación de éstos durante su tránsito o definitivamente en las áreas de ablación, especialmente en el Estrecho de Fram. Además, el hielo durante su deriva incorpora radionúclidos debido a la deposición atmosférica. Los radionúclidos conservativos (137Cs) permanecen disueltos en la columna de agua, mientras que los reactivos (210Pb e isótopos de Pu) se hallan predominantemente en los sedimentos de las plataformas continentales. En cambio, en las cuencas árticas centrales la mayor parte se encuentran en la columna de agua debido a la limitación en el arrastre por parte de las partículas (scavenging). En el Estrecho de Fram, como resultado de la liberación masiva de sedimentos se activa el proceso de scavenging y se observa como los inventarios de todos los radionúclidos estudiados en sedimentos aumentan en comparación con los valores de las cuencas centrales árticas. El inventario de radionúclidos en sedimentos del hielo (SIS) presenta valores inferiores a los otros compartimentos pero no es despreciable por la relevancia de la dispersión.

Tecniche di analisi digitale dei segnali prodotti da rivelatori per neutroni

La disintegrazione dei nuclei atomici si traduce in una emissione di vari tipi di radiazioni e particelle tra cui neutroni e raggi gamma. La rivelazione dei neutroni comporta l’utilizzo di rivelatori a scintillazione e tecniche di analisi per poter identificare e ottenere informazioni sull’energia dei neutroni. Il processo di scintillazione per la rivelazione dei neutroni consiste nell’interazione con i nuclei del materiale e successiva emissione luminosa dovuta a ionizzazione degli atomi del rivelatore. La luce e in seguito convertita in impulsi elettrici, i quali possono essere analizzati con opportune tecniche. L’emissione di neutroni `e accompagnata da emissione di raggi gamma e quindi `e necessario identificare i neutroni. Rivelatori basati su scintillatori organici vengono spesso impiegati nella spettrometria neutronica ad energie superiori di 0.5 MeV ed in una vasta gamma di applicazioni come la medicina, l’industria e la radioprotezione. La rilevazione dei neutroni `e molto importante nello studio delle reazioni nucleari di bassa energia e nello studio della materia nucleare lontano dalla valle di stabilita. In questo lavoro abbiamo studiato tre algoritmi: Zero Crossing, Charge Comparison e Pulse Gradient Analysis. Questi algoritmi sono stati in seguito applicati all’analisi di un insieme di dati provenienti dalla reazione nucleare 7Li(p,n)7Be. E stato utilizzato uno scintillatore organico liquido BC501. Si `e effettuato un confronto tra le varie tecniche utilizzate per determinare il grado di discriminazione ottenuto con ognuna di esse. I risultati ottenuti permettono di decidere in seguito quale algoritmo si presta ad essere utilizzato anche in altri esperimenti futuri. Il metodo Pulse Gradient Analysis `e risultato il piu` prometente, essendo anche possibile l’utilizzo on-line.

Study of particle movement in the nearshore region of Lake Superior with radioisotope tracers

Biogeochemical processes in the coastal region, including the coastal area of the Great Lakes, are of great importance due to the complex physical, chemical and biological characteristics that differ from those on either the adjoining land or open water systems. Particle-reactive radioisotopes, both naturally occurring (210Pb, 210Po and 7Be) and man-made (137Cs), have proven to be useful tracers for these processes in many systems. However, a systematic isotope study on the northwest coast of the Keweenaw Peninsula in Lake Superior has not yet been performed. In this dissertation research, field sampling, laboratory measurements and numerical modeling were conducted to understand the biogeochemistry of the radioisotope tracers and some particulate-related coastal processes. In the first part of the dissertation, radioisotope activities of 210Po and 210Pb in a variability of samples (dissolved, suspended particle, sediment trap materials, surficial sediment) were measured. A completed picture of the distribution and disequilibrium of this pair of isotopes was drawn. The application of a simple box model utilizing these field observations reveals short isotope residence times in the water column and a significant contribution of sediment resuspension (for both particles and isotopes). The results imply a highly dynamic coastal region. In the second part of this dissertation, this conclusion is examined further. Based on intensive sediment coring, the spatial distribution of isotope inventories (mainly 210Pb, 137Cs and 7Be) in the nearshore region was determined. Isotope-based focusing factors categorized most of the sampling sites as non- or temporary depositional zones. A twodimensional steady-state box-in-series model was developed and applied to individual transects with the 210Pb inventories as model input. The modeling framework included both water column and upper sediments down to the depth of unsupported 210Pb penetration. The model was used to predict isotope residence times and cross-margin fluxes of sediments and isotopes at different locations along each transect. The time scale for sediment focusing from the nearshore to offshore regions of the transect was on the order of 10 years. The possibility of sediment longshore movement was indicated by high inventory ratios of 137Cs: 210Pb. Local deposition of fine particles, including fresh organic carbon, may explain the observed distribution of benthic organisms such as Diporeia. In the last part of this dissertation, isotope tracers, 210Pb and 210Po, were coupled into a hydrodynamic model for Lake Superior. The model was modified from an existing 2-D finite difference physical-biological model which has previously been successfully applied on Lake Superior. Using the field results from part one of this dissertation as initial conditions, the model was used to predict the isotope distribution in the water column; reasonable results were achieved. The modeling experiments demonstrated the potential for using a hydrodynamic model to study radioisotope biogeochemistry in the lake, although further refinements are necessary.

Neutrino physics with multi-ton scale liquid xenon detectors

We study the sensitivity of large-scale xenon detectors to low-energy solar neutrinos, to coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering and to neutrinoless double beta decay. As a concrete example, we consider the xenon part of the proposed DARWIN (Dark Matter WIMP Search with Noble Liquids) experiment. We perform detailed Monte Carlo simulations of the expected backgrounds, considering realistic energy resolutions and thresholds in the detector. In a low-energy window of 2–30 keV, where the sensitivity to solar pp and 7Be-neutrinos is highest, an integrated pp-neutrino rate of 5900 events can be reached in a fiducial mass of 14 tons of natural xenon, after 5 years of data. The pp-neutrino flux could thus be measured with a statistical uncertainty around 1%, reaching the precision of solar model predictions. These low-energy solar neutrinos will be the limiting background to the dark matter search channel for WIMP-nucleon cross sections below ~2X 10-48 cm2 and WIMP masses around 50 GeV c 2, for an assumed 99.5% rejection of electronic recoils due to elastic neutrino-electron scatters. Nuclear recoils from coherent scattering of solar neutrinos will limit the sensitivity to WIMP masses below ~6 GeV c-2 to cross sections above ~4X10-45cm2. DARWIN could reach a competitive half-life sensitivity of 5.6X1026 y to the neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe after 5 years of data, using 6 tons of natural xenon in the central detector region.

NA61/SHINE facility at the CERN SPS: beams and detector system

NA61/SHINE (SPS Heavy Ion and Neutrino Experiment) is a multi-purpose experimental facility to study hadron production in hadron-proton, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. It recorded the first physics data with hadron beams in 2009 and with ion beams (secondary 7Be beams) in 2011. NA61/SHINE has greatly profited from the long development of the CERN proton and ion sources and the accelerator chain as well as the H2 beamline of the CERN North Area. The latter has recently been modified to also serve as a fragment separator as needed to produce the Be beams for NA61/SHINE. Numerous components of the NA61/SHINE set-up were inherited from its predecessors, in particular, the last one, the NA49 experiment. Important new detectors and upgrades of the legacy equipment were introduced by the NA61/SHINE Collaboration. This paper describes the state of the NA61/SHINE facility — the beams and the detector system — before the CERN Long Shutdown I, which started in March 2013.

Cosmogenic activation of xenon and copper

Rare event search experiments using liquid xenon as target and detection medium require ultra-low background levels to fully exploit their physics potential. Cosmic ray induced activation of the detector components and, even more importantly, of the xenon itself during production, transportation and storage at the Earth's surface, might result in the production of radioactive isotopes with long half-lives, with a possible impact on the expected background. We present the first dedicated study on the cosmogenic activation of xenon after 345 days of exposure to cosmic rays at the Jungfraujoch research station at 3470m above sea level, complemented by a study of copper which has been activated simultaneously. We have directly observed the production of 7Be, 101Rh, 125Sb, 126I and 127Xe in xenon, out of which only 125Sb could potentially lead to background for a multi-ton scale dark matter search. The production rates for five out of eight studied radioactive isotopes in copper are in agreement with the only existing dedicated activation measurement, while we observe lower rates for the remaining ones. The specific saturation activities for both samples are also compared to predictions obtained with commonly used software packages, where we observe some underpredictions, especially for xenon activation.

Il problema cosmologico del 7Li - considerazioni nucleari ed esperimento n_TOF

La nucleosintesi primordiale descrive le reazioni che hanno formato i primi elementi leggeri (H, 2H, 3He, 4He, 7Li) e ci da una previsione sull'andamento delle loro abbondanze primordiali in funzione del rapporto barioni-fotoni η, unico parametro libero della teoria BBN. Questo parametro è stato fissato dal momento in cui la sonda WMAP è stata lanciata in orbita; essa ha svolto misure importantissime sulla radiazione cosmica di fondo, fornendoci un valore accurato della densità barionica e quindi di η. Con questo nuovo dato sono state calcolate le abbondanze degli elementi leggeri ai tempi della nucleosintesi primordiale, tuttavia quella teorizzata per il 7Li non corrispondeva affatto a quella osservata nelle stelle dell'alone galattico, ma risultava essere dalle 2 alle 4 volte maggiore. Questa discrepanza costituisce il problema cosmologico del litio. Il problema può essere affrontato in diversi campi della fisica; il nostro scopo è quello di studiarlo dal punto di vista della fisica nucleare, analizzando le reazioni nucleari legate al 7Li. Il contributo principale alla produzione di 7Li proviene dal decadimento spontaneo del 7Be, quindi bisogna valutare il rate di reazione dei processi che producono o distruggono quest'ultimo nucleo; tale rate dipende dalla sezione d'urto della reazione. Un contributo fondamentale potrebbe essere dato dalle eventuali risonanze non ancora scoperte, cioè gli stati eccitati dei prodotti di reazione che si trovano ad energie non ancora studiate, in corrispondenza delle quali la sezione d'urto subisce un drastico aumento. Le due reazioni principali da considerare sono 7Be(n,p)7Li e 7Be(n,αlfa)4He; la prima perché contribuisce al 97% della distruzione del berillio, quindi una rivalutazione della sua sezione d'urto porterebbe ad un grande cambiamento nel valore dell'abbondanza di 7Be (e quindi di 7Li), la seconda poiché, anche se contribuisce solo al 2.5% della distruzione del berillio, possiede una incertezza enorme.

Beryllium 7 measured during POLARSTERN cruise ARK-XXII/2

The natural cosmogenic radionuclide 7Be (T1/2 = 53.4 d) is supplied to the surface ocean from the atmosphere and, in the Arctic Ocean, can be used as a tracer of the efficiency with which sea ice intercepts the atmospheric fluxes of chemical species and of the importance of ice as a transport mechanism for particulate matter and chemical species. Analyses of 7Be in samples of surface water, surface sea ice, water beneath the ice, sea ice sediments, and precipitation from the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean show that the fraction of sea ice coverage determines the amount of 7Be in the surface water. When sea ice coverage is <40%, the 7Be inventory in the upper ocean (130 ± 19 Bq m**-2) is in good agreement with that expected from the inventory from 7Be atmospheric flux (128 ± 21 Bq m**-2). In contrast, when ice coverage is >80%, the water column inventory drops to 58 ± 20 Bq m**-2. The 7Be inventory in sea ice is 39 ± 23 Bq m**-2, and mass balance calculations show that sea ice can intercept 30 ± 18% of the atmospheric flux of 7Be during the studied period. We suggest that other atmospherically transported contaminants should be similarly intercepted. 7Be in the ice also can be used to estimate that the annual transport and release of sediment to the ablation area of the Fram Strait is -500 g m**-2, a value comparable to previously measured fluxes in sediment traps deployed in the area.