Material berritzaile eta originalaren sorkuntza matematika lantzeko

Matematikaren ikaskuntza-irakaskuntza prozesuaren elementu nabarmen bat erabiltzen diren material eta baliabideak dira, eta horien artean unitate didaktikoak eta proiektuak. Era askotakoak daude, baina gehienak zaharkiturik daude eta ez dute ikasleen interesa eta motibazioa pizten. Umeen errealitatea, gustuak eta nahiak, eduki, kolore eta jolasekin erlazionaturik dagoen proiektu original eta berritzailea sortzea izan da lan honen helburua. Ikasleak era aktiboan barneratuko dituzte edukiak eta praktikara eraman ahal izango dituzte, ikasketa esanguratsua eta parte hartzailea bultzatuz. Horrek guztiak haurren egunerokotasuna eta interesak barne hartzen dituen proiektu honetan eragina du, emaitza positiboak jasotzerako orduan, eta beraz, ikasleen aldetik, harrera ezin hobea eskaintzen du.

Die Entwicklung des Aufwandes in der deutschen Garnelenfischerei und der Versuch einer Standardisierung der jährlichen Einheitsanlandungen (LPUE) zwischen 1976 und 2010

Brown shrimp is a fastgrowing, shortlived species, and all attempts to use stock assessment methodologies typically applied to other fisheries are usually unsuccessful. Here landings per unit effort data (LPUE) for the German fleet based on a number of effort metrics are used as indices of stock size. Their utility in relation to describing stock development and fisheries management is discussed. LPUE estimates indicate that stock sizes between 1976 and 1989 were relatively stable. In 1990, the lowest reported landings of brown shrimps in Germany coincided with severe economic problems for the shrimp fisheries. From 1990 to 2010 standardised annual indices show that both landings and LPUE estimates have increased at variable rates suggesting large stocks of brown shrimps in recent years. This is discussed in relation to the positive effects of reduced predator abundance and favourable climatic factors.

Ecotoxicidade aguda, crônica e genotoxicidade de solo contaminado por óleo lubrificante usado e biorremediado para Eisenia andrei.

O objetivo do presente deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade aguda, crônica e a genotoxicidade sobre E. andrei causadas por solo recém-contaminado com óleo lubrificante usado e após biorremediação por diferentes estratégias, após 22 meses, e paralelamente ao estudo de ecotoxicidade, foi conduzida uma investigação comparativa de três métodos de extração de HTP e HPA de solos para análise cromatográfica. A comparação das técnicas de extração evidenciou que para HTP, a técnica de extração acelerada por solvente-ASE foi a que melhor recuperou n-alcanos; já para as frações HRP e MCNR as técnicas soxhlet e micro-ondas-MARS não apresentaram diferenças significativas e foram melhores que ASE. Para HPA, a técnica de extração por soxhlet foi a que apresentou melhor recuperação em todos os solos. O teste de mortalidade apresentou, aos 14 dias, taxas crescentes de mortalidade de 10 6%, 20 0%, 73 25%, 93 12% e 100 0% para amostras de CONT (solo controle, sem contaminação artificial), BIOS (solo contaminado com 5% de OLU e biorremediado por bioestimulo), BIOA1 (solo contaminado com 5% de OLU e biorremediado por bioestimulo + bioaumento com adição de 10% de RSU maturado), e BIOA2 (solo contaminado com 5% de OLU e biorremediado por bioestimulo + bioaumento com adição de 10% de RSU semi-maturado) e OLU (solo contaminado com 5% de OLU), respectivamente. Aos 28 dias, entretanto, BIOS e OLU apresentaram taxas de mortalidade de 97 % 6 % e de 100 % 0 % respectivamente, valores estes significativamente superiores ao CONT. Foram observadas deformações anatômicas nos indivíduos mantidos em BIOS e OLU, assim como diminuição da biomassa em todas as amostras, evidenciando efeitos crônicos. O teste de reprodução, aos 28 dias, foram observadas grandes quantidades de indivíduos jovens nos solos biorremediados e recém-contaminado. No entanto, aos 56 dias houve uma diminuição dessas formas e o controle (CONT) exibiu uma quantidade maior de formas juvenis. O teste de densidade e viabilidade celular mostrou ser indicador sensível para toxicidade crônica apresentando queda nos solos BIOS e OLU em relação ao CONT com diferenças significativas (p <0.05). Não foram observados micronúcleos nos solos em estudo. Tal observação reforça a necessidade de testes de ecotoxicidade para avaliar a real eficácia de tecnologias de tratamento.

Analysis of mode characteristics for equilateral-polygonal resonators with a center hole

Mode characteristics for equilateral triangles, squares, and hexagonal resonators with a center hole are numerically simulated by the finite-different time domain (FDTD) technique. The center hole does not break the symmetry behavior of the original resonators and can result in modification of the mode field patterns and mode Q factors. In an equilateral triangle resonator the center hole can suppress the symmetry state of degenerate states with the merit of single mode operation. In a square resonator, the Q factor can be enhanced for some modes with a suitable size of the hole. For a hexagonal resonator with a side length of 1 mu m and a refractive index of 3.2, the mode Q factors first gradually decrease with the increase of the hole diameter for modes at a wavelength of about 1500 nm, then the modes transform to that of a microdisk with a jump of the mode wavelength as the hole diameter approaches 0.7 mu m. Finally, the mode Q factors greatly enhance as the hole diameter reaches about 1 mu m. The results indicate that the center hole can greatly modify mode characteristics, especially that of the mode Q factor. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

Avaliacao de substâncias de origem vegetal no controle de pragas de grãos armazenados.

1997

Molecular reconstruction of a genetic code alteration

The genetic code establishes the rules that govern gene translation into proteins. It was established more than 3.5 billion years ago and it is one of the most conserved features of life. Despite this, several alterations to the standard genetic code have been discovered in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, namely in the fungal CTG clade where a unique seryl transfer RNA (tRNACAG Ser) decodes leucine CUG codons as serine. This tRNACAG Ser appeared 272±25 million years ago through insertion of an adenosine in the middle position of the anticodon of a tRNACGA Ser gene, which changed its anticodon from 5´-CGA-3´ to 5´-CAG-3´. This most dramatic genetic event restructured the proteome of the CTG clade species, but it is not yet clear how and why such deleterious genetic event was selected and became fixed in those fungal genomes. In this study we have attempted to shed new light on the evolution of this fungal genetic code alteration by reconstructing its evolutionary pathway in vivo in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For this, we have expressed wild type and mutant versions of the C. albicans tRNACGA Ser gene into S. cerevisiae and evaluated the impact of the mutant tRNACGA Ser on fitness, tRNA stability, translation efficiency and aminoacylation kinetics. Our data demonstrate that these mutants are expressed and misincorporate Ser at CUGs, but their expression is repressed through an unknown molecular mechanism. We further demonstrate, using in vivo forced evolution methodologies, that the tRNACAG Ser can be easily inactivated through natural mutations that prevent its recognition by the seryl-tRNA synthetase. The overall data show that repression of expression of the mistranslating tRNACAG Ser played a critical role on the evolution of CUG reassignment from Leu to Ser. In order to better understand the evolution of natural genetic code alterations, we have also engineered partial reassignment of various codons in yeast. The data confirmed that genetic code ambiguity affects fitness, induces protein aggregation, interferes with the cell cycle and results in nuclear and morphologic alterations, genome instability and gene expression deregulation. Interestingly, it also generates phenotypic variability and phenotypes that confer growth advantages in certain environmental conditions. This study provides strong evidence for direct and critical roles of the environment on the evolution of genetic code alterations.

L'Écho de Paris

1904/12/19 (Numéro 7501).

L'Īśvaragītā : le chant de Śiva, texte extrait du Kūrma-Purāṇa / trad. du sanskrit par P.-E. Dumont,..

[Purāṇa. Kūrma-Purāṇa (sanskrit-français). Extrait. 1933]