Dietary aspects of cow's milk allergy in young children

Cow s milk allergy (CMA) affects about 2-6% of infants and young children. Environmental factors during early life are suggested to play a role in the development of allergic diseases. One of these factors is likely to be maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation. The association between maternal diet and development of CMA in offspring is not well known, but diet could contain factors that facilitate development of tolerance. After an established food allergy, another issue is gaining tolerance towards an antigen that causes symptoms. The strictness of the elimination depends on the individual level of tolerance. This study aimed at validating a questionnaire used to inquire about food allergies in children, at researching associations between maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and subsequent development of cow s milk allergy in the offspring, and at evaluating the degree of adherence to a therapeutic elimination diet of children with CMA and factors associated with the adherence and age of recovery. These research questions were addressed in a prospective birth cohort born between 1997 and 2004 at the Tampere and Oulu University Hospitals. Altogether 6753 children of the Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Nutrition cohort were investigated. Questionnaires regarding allergic diseases are often used in studies without validation. High-quality valid tools are therefore needed. Two validation studies were conducted here: one by comparing parentally reported food allergies with information gathered from patient records of 1122 children, and the other one by comparing parentally reported CMA with information in the reimbursement records of special infant formulae in the registers of the Social Insurance Institution for 6753 children. Both of these studies showed that the questionnaire works well and is a valid tool for measuring food allergies in children. In the first validation study, Cohen s kappa values were within 0.71-0.88 for CMA, 0.74-0.82 for cereal allergy, and 0.66-0.86 for any reported food allergy. In the second validation study, the kappa value was 0.79, sensitivity 0.958, and specificity 0.965 for reported and diagnosed CMA. To investigate the associations between maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and CMA in offspring, 6288 children were studied. Maternal diet during pregnancy (8th month) and lactation (3rd month) was assessed by a validated, 181-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and as an endpoint register-based information on diagnosed CMA was obtained from the Social Insurance Institution and complemented with parental reports of CMA in their children. The associations between maternal food consumption and CMA in offspring were analyzed by logistic regression comparing the highest and lowest quarters with two middle quarters of consumption and adjusted for several potential confounding factors. High maternal intake of milk products (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37-0.86 p = 0.002) was associated with a lower risk of CMA in offspring. When stratified according to maternal allergic rhinitis or asthma, a protective association of high use of milk products with CMA was seen in children of allergy-free mothers (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.13 - 0.69, p < 0.001), but not in children of allergic mothers. Moreover, low maternal consumption of fish during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of CMA in children of mothers with allergic rhinitis or asthma (OR 1.47, 95% CI 0.96 - 2.27 for the lowest quarter, p = 0.043). In children of nonallergic mothers, this association was not seen. Maternal diet during lactation was not associated with CMA in offspring, apart from an inverse association between citrus and kiwi fruit consumption and CMA. These results imply that maternal diet during pregnancy may contain factors protective against CMA in offspring, more so than maternal diet during lactation. These results need to be confirmed in other studies before giving recommendations to the public. To evaluate the degree of adherence to a therapeutic elimination diet in children with diagnosed CMA, food records of 267 children were studied. Subsequent food records were examined to assess the age at reintroduction of milk products to the child s diet. Nine of ten families adhered to the elimination diet of the child with extreme accuracy. Older and monosensitized children had more often small amounts of cow s milk protein in their diet (p < 0.001 for both). Adherence to the diet was not related to any other sociodemographic factor studied or to the age at reintroduction of milk products to the diet. Low intakes of vitamin D, calcium, and riboflavin are of concern in children following a cow s milk-free diet. In summary, we found that the questionnaires used in the DIPP study are valid in investigating CMA in young children; that there are associations between maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and the development of CMA in offspring; and that the therapeutic elimination diet in children with diagnosed CMA is rigorously adhered to.

Estatistika deskribatzailea, proiektuen bidez lantzeko proposamena

Duración (en horas): Más de 50 horas. Nivel educativo: Grado

Formation and Structure of Composite Coating of HAD and Micro-Plasma Oxidation on A3 Steel

Composite coatings were obtained on A3 steel by hot dipping aluminum(HAD) at 720 degreesC for 6 min and micro-plasma oxidation (MPO) in alkali electrolyte. The surface morphology, element distribution and interface structure of composite coatings were studied by means of XRD, SEM and EDS. The results show that the composite coatings obtained through HAD/MPO on A3 steel consist of four layers. From the surface to the substrate, the layer is loose Al2O3 ceramic, compact Al2O3 ceramic, At and FeAl intermetallic compound layer in turn. The adhesions among all the layers are strengthened because the ceramic layer formed at the At surface originally, FeAl intermetallic compound layer and substrate are combined in metallurgical form through mutual diffusion during HAD process. Initial experiment results disclose that the anti-corrosion performance and wear resistance of composite coating are obviously improved through HAD/MPO treatment.

Produção de açúcares a partir da palha de cana-de-açúcar para a produção de etanol

A crescente demanda por tecnologias que produzam biocombustíveis de maneira sustentável vem incentivando a utilização de diversos materiais lignocelulósicos para tal finalidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o potencial de produção de açúcares (glicose e xilose) da palha e do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Inicialmente, as duas biomassas foram caracterizadas, mostrando percentuais muito similares de celulose e hemicelulose (42,1% e 22,6% para o bagaço e 39,2% e 22,7% para a palha, respectivamente). Isto evidencia potenciais similares de produção de açúcares. Posteriormente, foram realizados experimentos em laboratório para comparar os resultados de rendimento de xilose e produção de furfural após as reações de hidrólise ácida das duas biomassas, com o intuito de verificar se este processo, comumente utilizado para o bagaço, pode ser utilizado para a palha. As variáveis que foram avaliadas foram a concentração de ácido (0,5-3,0%m/m), o tempo reacional (15-60min) e a relação sólido-líquido (RSL - 0,1-0,2m/m). Concentrações de 42,72g/L e de 41,31g/L de xilose foram encontradas para a palha e para o bagaço, respectivamente, alcançando rendimentos de xilose superiores a 80%, em reações em laboratório. Também foram realizados ensaios de hidrólise ácida em planta piloto e de hidrólise enzimática em laboratório para avaliar os resultados de rendimento de glicose da palha. Os resultados de rendimento de xilose e produção de inibidores para estas reações foram avaliados e comparados com os dados obtidos em laboratório. Concentrações de 35,2g/Lde xilose e de 27,3g/L de glicose foram encontradas para a palha, alcançando rendimentos de xilose próximos a 100% e de glicose superiores a 64%, em reações de pré-tratamento em planta piloto e em reações de hidrólise enzimática em laboratório. Os resultados evidenciaram que as variáveis concentração de ácido e relação sólido:líquido são as mais influenciam na produção de xilose e glicose

非局部理论新框架和基于新框架的塑性应变梯度理论

<正>纳米材料和器件的蓬勃发展,微机电系统和微电子元件微型化趋势,先进材料微结构设计以及精细薄膜涂层,促使材料科学家和力学家关注微米尺度和纳米尺度范围内材料的力学行为。大量实验表明,当非均匀塑性变形的特征长度在微米量级时,金属材料材料呈现很强的尺度效应。典型的实验包括:细铜丝扭转;纯镍薄膜弯曲;不同金属材料的微纳米压痕;炭化硅粒子增强的铝-镁基

O~(5+)离子入射在金属表面形成L壳层X射线产生截面的研究

<正>迄今为止,K壳层电离的研究已取得了长足的进展。人们已对各不同入射离子轰击各种靶元素,在很大的能区范围内测量了K壳层X射线产生截面,而L壳层的实验数据则不够完善。本实验测量了

L'Écho de Paris

1902/06/14 (Numéro 6589).