Direct Measurement of Three-Dimensional Forces in Atomic Force Microscopy

Direct measurement of three-dimensional (3-D) forces between an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe and the sample benefits diverse applications of AFM, including force spectroscopy, nanometrology, and manipulation. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a measurement system, wherein the deflection of the AFM probe is obtained at two points to enable direct measurement of all the three components of 3-D tip-sample forces in real time. The optimal locations for measurement of deflection on the probe are derived for a conventional AFM probe. Further, a new optimal geometry is proposed for the probe that enables measurement of 3-D forces with identical sensitivity and nearly identical resolution along all three axes. Subsequently, the designed measurement system and the optimized AFM probe are both fabricated and evaluated. The evaluation demonstrates accurate measurement of tip-sample forces with minimal cross-sensitivities. Finally, the real-time measurement system is employed as part of a feedback control system to regulate the normal component of the interaction force, and to perform force-controlled scribing of a groove on the surface of polymethyl methacrylate.

土壤硝化作用的抑制剂调控及其机理

既要保证氮肥在优质高效农业生产中的促进作用,又要保证农业和环境的可持续发展,如何提高氮肥利用率、减轻氮肥污染成了解决问题的关键.从氮素在土壤中的生物化学转化过程入手,通过抑制剂的施用来调控氮素的转化,减缓硝化过程的进行,是解决该问题的一种有效措施.本文从硝化抑制剂的定义、筛选硝化抑制剂的条件、国内外较受关注的硝化抑制剂品种以及硝化抑制机理等几个方面对目前的研究进展进行综述,并提出目前研究中存在的问题及今后的研究方向.

Die Zukunft des Internets entscheidet sich jetzt

Das Internet prägt jede Facette unseres Lebens. Was als US-Militär-Experiment begann, ist heute eine Basistechnologie. Damit gelten die fundamentalen Menschenrechte auch im Internet, wie jüngst UN-Berichte bestätigten. Andererseits haben die Enthüllungen Edward Snowdens aufgezeigt, wie breit und tief die Überwachung des Internets ist. Welche Regeln gelten nun im Netz, und wer setzt sie fest?- ...

Anna de Belocca, Brustbild

Signatur des Originals: S 36/F00130