SPAD-502 readings in response to photon fluence in leaves with different chlorophyll content

The chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) is widely used to estimate chlorophyll content, but non-uniform chloroplast distribution can affect its accuracy. This study aimed to assess the effect of photon fluence (F, irradiance x time of illumination) in leaves with different chlorophyll content and determine the effect of chlorophyll a/b on SPAD values of four tropical tree species (Croton draconoides Müll. Arg., Hevea guianensis Aubl., Hymenaea courbaril L. and Matisia cordata H.B.K.). There were also determined calibration equations for the chlorophyll meter and assessed the effect of F on SPAD values between 07:00 h and 17:00 h. Calibration equations were obtained after determining leaf chlorophyll content in the laboratory. Increases in F with time caused a reduction in SPAD values in species with a high chlorophyll content, with reductions of 20% in M. cordata and 10% in H. guianensis. Leaves of C. draconoides and H. courbaril had lower chlorophyll content and showed no changes in SPAD values with increase in F. The chlorophyll a/b ratio increased with SPAD values and the SPAD/chlorophyll relationship was best described by an exponential equation. It seems that F may affect SPAD values in leaves with high chlorophyll content, probably due to non-uniform chloroplast distribution at high irradiance. This indicates that SPAD values tend to be more accurate if recorded early in morning when irradiance is low.

Grupos de facto enquanto fenómeno organizativo plurissocietário: (in)admissibilidade da aplicação analógica dos artigos 501º e 502º do CSC aos grupos de facto qualificados

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito dos Contratos e das Empresas

O SPAD-502 como alternativa para a determinação dos teores de clorofila em espécies frutíferas

A relação entre o teor absoluto de clorofila e o teor relativo de clorofila obtido pelo SPAD-502 foi determinada em quatro espécies frutíferas (cupuaçu, araçá-boi, limão e urucum). O teor absoluto de clorofila foi determinado usando um espectrofotômetro após a extração dos pigmentos em acetona 80%. O teor de clorofila total (y) foi relacionado com os valores do SPAD (x), como segue: y = 93,95e0,0356x, r² = 0,80 para o urucum; y = 125,41e0,0205x, r² = 0,67 para o cupuaçu; y = 67,58e0,0374x, r² = 0,80 para o limão e y = 66,96e0,0365x, r² = 0,92 para o araçá-boi.

Prevalência e preditores da resposta cardioinibitória à massagem do seio carotídeo em 502 pacientes ambulatoriais

FUNDAMENTO: A resposta cardioinibitória (RCI) caracteriza-se por assistolia > 3 segundos em resposta a 5 a 10 segundos de massagem do seio carotídeo (MSC). O implante de marcapasso é indicado nos pacientes com síncope inexplicada e RCI. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência e os preditores da RCI em pacientes com alta prevalência de doença cardiovascular. Avaliar o significado clínico da RCI em pacientes com história de síncope ou queda. MÉTODOS: Desenho transversal. Casuística: pacientes ambulatoriais, com idade > 50 anos, encaminhados ao Setor de Eletrocardiografia de um hospital terciário. Indivíduos com demência, sopro carotídeo, história de infarto agudo do miocárdio ou acidente vascular cerebral nos últimos três meses foram excluídos. Os pacientes foram submetidos a MSC direito por 10 segundos seguida de MSC esquerdo por 10 segundos. As MSCs foram realizadas na posição supina por um único investigador. RESULTADOS: No total, 502 indivíduos foram submetidos a MSC, dos quais 52 apresentaram RCI (prevalência: 10,4%; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 7,7%-13%). Os preditores independentes da RCI foram: sexo masculino ("odds ratio" [OR]: 2,61; IC95%: 1,3%-5,1%), cardiopatia estrutural (OR: 3,28; IC95%: 1,3%-7,9%), e freqüência cardíaca de base (p < 0,05). A sensibilidade da RCI no diagnóstico etiológico de episódios de síncope ou queda foi baixa (9,8%). Sua especificidade foi boa (89,5%), sendo melhor nas mulheres (95,3%) e nos não-cardiopatas (96,2%). CONCLUSÃO: A RCI foi encontrada em 10,4% dos pacientes com idade > 50 anos. Nos homens e nos cardiopatas, a probabilidade de a MSC provocar o aparecimento de RCI foi maior. Nas mulheres e nos pacientes sem cardiopatia estrutural aparente, a RCI mostrou ser achado altamente específico para o diagnóstico etiológico dos episódios de síncope ou queda.

Incidência de complicações relacionadas à massagem do seio carotídeo em 502 pacientes ambulatoriais

FUNDAMENTO: A massagem do seio carotídeo (MSC) é uma técnica simples, de baixo custo e com muitas indicações. OBJETIVO: Determinar a segurança da MSC em pacientes ambulatoriais com alta prevalência de doença aterosclerótica e de cardiopatia. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal. Critérios de inclusão: pacientes ambulatoriais com idade > 50 anos, encaminhados para realização de eletrocardiograma (ECG). Critérios de exclusão: indivíduos que não aceitaram participar de um estudo sobre a prevalência da resposta cardioinibitória à MSC, pacientes com demência, portadores de marca-passo, indivíduos com sopro carotídeo ou com história de AVC ou IAM nos últimos 3 meses. A MSC foi realizada na posição supina durante 10 segundos. Foram consideradas complicações da MSC a ocorrência de arritmias sustentadas e o aparecimento de déficit neurológico durante a MSC ou nas primeiras 24 horas após o seu término. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 562 pacientes de um total de 1.686 indivíduos com critérios de inclusão. Sessenta indivíduos apresentaram critérios de exclusão. Os 502 pacientes restantes (52% homens, idade média de 65 anos, 69% cardiopatas e 50% com doença aterosclerótica) foram submetidos a 1.053 MSC. Dois pacientes apresentaram complicações (0,4%; IC95%:0%-0,9%). Um homem de 71 anos apresentou monoparesia do braço esquerdo com regressão completa em 30 minutos. Outro homem, de 56 anos, apresentou hemianopsia homônima à esquerda que regrediu em 7 dias. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de complicações relacionadas à MSC foi pequena, particularmente quando se considerou que a população submetida à manobra era idosa e com alta prevalência de cardiopatia estrutural e de doença aterosclerótica.

Dense Concrete Layer as Top Course of Bridge Deck Construction, HR-502, 1990

The use of deicing salts in this part of the country is a necessity to remove ice from our bridges. The use of these salts has always been a problem since the chloride-ions penetrate the concrete and reach the steel and cause corrosion which eventually cause deterioration of both the steel and concrete. One method used to try to prevent this from happening was to apply a waterproof membrane to the concrete after it was placed. This method did help, but was not cost effective as the longevity of the membrane system was of relatively short duration. For this reason, this research project was initiated. After the original deck was placed a second layer of concrete about 1 1/2" thick was placed on top. Biennial evaluation of the decks included testing for delaminations and steel corrosion. Cores were also obtained for a chloride analysis. Testing and observations showed the two-layer bridge deck to be effective in preventing corrosion. Since the time this project was initiated, epoxy steel has been introduced and is a cost effective way to protect the steel from corrosion.

Evaluation of Long-Term Field Performance of Cold In-Place Recycled Roads: Field Distress Survey, TR-502, 2007

Cold in-place recycling (CIR) has become an attractive method for rehabilitating asphalt roads that have good subgrade support and are suffering distress related to non-structural aging and cracking of the pavement layer. Although CIR is widely used, its use could be expanded if its performance were more predictable. Transportation officials have observed roads that were recycled under similar circumstances perform very differently for no clear reason. Moreover, a rational mix design has not yet been developed, design assumptions regarding the structural support of the CIR layer remain empirical and conservative, and there is no clear understanding of the cause-effect relationships between the choices made during the design/construction process and the resulting performance. The objective of this project is to investigate these relationships, especially concerning the age of the recycled pavement, cumulative traffic volume, support conditions, aged engineering properties of the CIR materials, and road performance. Twenty-four CIR asphalt roads constructed in Iowa from 1986 to 2004 were studied: 18 were selected from a sample of roads studied in a previous research project (HR-392), and 6 were selected from newer CIR projects constructed after 1999. This report summarizes the results of a comprehensive program of field distress surveys, field testing, and laboratory testing for these CIR asphalt roads. The results of this research can help identify changes that should be made with regard to design, material selection, and construction in order to lengthen the time between rehabilitation cycles and improve the performance and cost-effectiveness of future recycled roads.

Calibração do medidor de clorofila Minolta SPAD-502 para avaliação do conteúdo de nitrogênio do milho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi calibrar o medidor de clorofila Minolta SPAD-502 para avaliação da nutrição nitrogenada das plantas de milho, baseando-se na prévia comparação das leituras de clorofila com os teores obtidos pelos extratores N,N-dimetilformamida (DMF) e acetona 80%. No campo, foram avaliados os teores de clorofila em folhas de milho cultivado sob plantio direto após a cultura de aveia-preta e após a de tremoço-branco, por duas safras consecutivas. A extração da clorofila com a solução DMF, por 72 horas, foi a mais indicada para a calibração do medidor de clorofila SPAD502 na cultura do milho. O ajuste do modelo linear expressou melhor a relação entre o conteúdo de clorofila e as leituras do SPAD na cultura do milho, e seu uso produziu resultados coerentes com o estado nutricional da cultura.

Uso do SPAD-502 na avaliação dos teores foliares de clorofila, nitrogênio, enxofre, ferro e manganês do algodoeiro herbáceo

A aplicação do medidor indireto de clorofila SPAD-502 tem sido estudada para diversas culturas e com resultados satisfatórios, para predição do estado nutricional de nitrogênio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o emprego do SPAD-502 na avaliação dos teores foliares de clorofila, N, S, Fe e Mn, em algodão herbáceo, cultivado em casa de vegetação. Foram instalados quatro experimentos, e foram estudadas doses de N (1,5, 7,5, 15 e 22,5 mM L-1), S (0,2, 1, 2 e 3 mM L-1), Fe (10, 50, 100 e 150 µmol L-1) e Mn (10, 50, 100 e 150 µmol L-1), equivalentes em todos os casos a 0,1, 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 vez a concentração normal da solução Hoagland & Arnon, respectivamente. A clorofila a se relaciona mais fortemente com as leituras SPAD do que as clorofilas b. As leituras SPAD correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com os teores foliares de N e negativamente com os de S. Os teores foliares de Fe e Mn não apresentaram correlação com as leituras SPAD.

Evaluation of Long-Term Field Performance of Cold In-Place Recycled Roads: Field and Laboratory Testing, TR-502, 2007

Cold in-place recycling (CIR) has become an attractive method for rehabilitating asphalt roads that have good subgrade support and are suffering distress related to non-structural aging and cracking of the pavement layer. Although CIR is widely used, its use could be expanded if its performance were more predictable. Transportation officials have observed roads that were recycled under similar circumstances perform very differently for no clear reason. Moreover, a rational mix design has not yet been developed, design assumptions regarding the structural support of the CIR layer remain empirical and conservative, and there is no clear understanding of the cause-effect relationships between the choices made during the design/construction process and the resulting performance. The objective of this project is to investigate these relationships, especially concerning the age of the recycled pavement, cumulative traffic volume, support conditions, aged engineering properties of the CIR materials, and road performance. Twenty-four CIR asphalt roads constructed in Iowa from 1986 to 2004 were studied: 18 were selected from a sample of roads studied in a previous research project (HR-392), and 6 were selected from newer CIR projects constructed after 1999. This report describes the results of comprehensive field and laboratory testing for these CIR asphalt roads. The results indicate that the modulus of the CIR layer and the air voids of the CIR asphalt binder were the most important factors affecting CIR pavement performance for high-traffic roads. For low-traffic roads, the wet indirect tensile strength significantly affected pavement performance. The results of this research can help identify changes that should be made with regard to design, material selection, and construction in order to improve the performance and cost-effectiveness of future recycled roads.

Evaluation of Long-Term Field Performance of Cold In-Place Recycled Roads: Summary Report, TR-502, 2007

Cold in-place recycling (CIR) has become an attractive method for rehabilitating asphalt roads that have good subgrade support and are suffering distress related to non-structural aging and cracking of the pavement layer. Although CIR is widely used, its use could be expanded if its performance were more predictable. Transportation officials have observed roads that were recycled under similar circumstances perform very differently for no clear reason. Moreover, a rational mix design has not yet been developed, design assumptions regarding the structural support of the CIR layer remain empirical and conservative, and there is no clear understanding of the cause-effect relationships between the choices made during the design/construction process and the resulting performance. The objective of this project is to investigate these relationships, especially concerning the age of the recycled pavement, cumulative traffic volume, support conditions, aged engineering properties of the CIR materials, and road performance. Twenty-four CIR asphalt roads constructed in Iowa from 1986 to 2004 were studied: 18 were selected from a sample of roads studied in a previous research project (HR-392), and 6 were selected from newer CIR projects constructed after 1999. This report summarizes the results of a comprehensive program of field distress surveys, field testing, and laboratory testing for these CIR asphalt roads. The results of this research can help identify changes that should be made with regard to design, material selection, and construction in order to lengthen the time between rehabilitation cycles and improve the performance and cost-effectiveness of future recycled roads.