Development of microfluidic-based analytical methodology for studying the effects of chemotherapy agents on cancer tissue

Whilst a multitude of techniques have been employed to study the biology of tumour tissue and its response to chemotherapeutic reagents, most current methodologies do not capture the sophistication of the in vivo environment. Microfluidics however offers the ability to maintain and interrogate primary tissue samples in an environment with biomimetic flow characteristics. In this study head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumour biopsies have been used to investigate the performance of a microfluidic device for generating clinically-useful information. The response of fresh and cryogenically-frozen primary HNSCC or metastatic lymph node samples to chemotherapy drugs (cisplatin, 5-flurouracil or docetaxel), alone and in combination, were monitored for both proliferation (water-soluble tetrazolium salt metabolism) and cell death biomarker release (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) “off-chip”. The frozen tissue showed no significant difference in terms of either proliferation or LDH release in comparison with the matched fresh samples. Administration of all drugs caused cell death, in a dose-response manner, with the combination showing the greatest amount of cytotoxicity particularly at days 8 and 9; correlating well with published clinical data. The system described here offers an innovative method for studying the tumour microenvironment in vitro and, through incorporation of relevant analytical modules, provides the basis of a pre-clinical device that can be used to define personalised treatment regimens.

Neue palliative Therapieoptionen des kolorektalen Karzinoms

6. Zusammenfassung In der palliativen Therapie des metastasierten kolorektalen Karzinoms gibt es durch die Verbesserung der klassischen Therapien und die Entwicklung neuer Strategien inzwischen eine Vielzahl von Behandlungsoptionen. Die zwei Studien dieser Arbeit untersuchen das „älteste“ eingesetzte Zytostatikum in der Therapie des Kolonkarzinom, 5-Flurouracil, einmal in der Zweitlinientherapie als Hochdosisinfusionstherapie mit und Biomodulation mit Folinsäüre und einmal als Erstlinientherapie in Kombination mit Irinotecan im FOLFIRI-Protokoll. In der Zweitlinienbehandlung ergab sich hierbei ein geringer Vorteil in den Krankheitskontrollraten (57% vs. 44%) bei vergleichbaren Ansprechraten für die längere 5-FU-Infusion ohne Biomodulation. Bezüglich des Gesamtüberleben ab Beginn der Zweitlinientherapie und des Progressionsfreien Überleben zeigte die nicht biomodulierte Gruppe bessere, statistisch jedoch nicht signifikante Ergebnisse (16 vs. 9 bzw. 7,5 vs. 6 Monate). In der Erstlinientherapie erreichten wir eine Tumorkontrollrate von 74%, 4 komplette Remissionen (11%) und bei 3 Patienten die Möglichkeit einer Nachresektion der Lebermetastasen mit kurativem Ansatz. Der neoadjuvante Einsatz dieser Therapie sollte aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse weiter untersucht werden. Das Gesamtüberleben lag bei 17 Monaten (i.r. 9-25 Monate), die progressionsfreie Zeit mit 7 Monaten lag im Bereich unserer Zweitlinienstudie. Für beide Therapien befand sich die Toxizität im Rahmen der Erwartungen, die Symptome waren reversibel und im Allgemeinen akzeptabel. Ein Vergleich der Lebensqualität vor und während der Erstlinientherapie ergab für unsere Patienten keine deutlichen Veränderungen. Die Ergebnisse unserer untersuchten Studien zeigen, dass beide Therapien wirksame und gut verträgliche Optionen in der palliativen Behandlung des kolorektalen Karzinoms darstellen. Für jeden Patienten sollte aus der Vielzahl der bestehenden Möglichkeiten die für ihn bestmögliche individuelle Therapie ermittelt werden.

Raman spectroscopic characteristics of phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine in sandwich-type phthalocyaninato and porphyrinato rare earth complexes Part 5. – Raman spectroscopic characteristics of naphthalocyanine in mixed [tetrakis(4-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrinato]-(naphthalocyaninato) rare earth double-deckers

Raman spectra were recorded in the range 400–1800 cm−1 for a series of 15 mixed \[tetrakis(4-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrinato](2,3-naphthalocyaninato) rare earth double-deckers M(TBPP)(Nc) (M = Y; La–Lu except Pm) using laser excitation at 632.8 and 785 nm. Comparisons with bis(naphthalocyaninato) rare earth counterparts reveal that the vibrations of the metallonaphthalocyanine M(Nc) fragment dominate the Raman features of M(TBPP)(Nc). When excited with radiation of 632.8 nm, the most intense vibration appears at about 1595 cm−1, due to the naphthalene stretching. These complexes exhibit the marker Raman band for Nc•− as a medium-intense band in the range 1496–1507 cm−1, attributed to the coupling of pyrrole and aza stretching, while the marker Raman band of Nc2− in intermediate-valence Ce(TBPP)(Nc) appears as a strong band at 1493 cm−1 and is due to the isoindole stretchings. By contrast, when excited with radiation of 785 nm that is in close resonance with the main Q absorption band of the naphthalocyanine ligand, the ring radial vibrations at ca 680 and 735 cm−1 for MIII(TBPP)(Nc) are selectively intensified and are the most intense bands. For the cerium double-decker, the most intense vibration also acting as the marker Raman band of Nc2− appears at 1497 cm−1 with contributions from both pyrrole CC and aza CN stretches. The same vibrational modes show weak to medium intensity scattering at 1506–1509 cm−1 for MIII(TBPP)(Nc) and this is the marker Raman band of Nc•− when thus excited. The scatterings due to the Nc breathings, ring radial vibration, aza group stretchings, naphthalene stretchings, benzoisoindole stretchings and the coupling of pyrrole CC and aza CN stretchings in MIII(TBPP)(Nc) are all slightly blue shifted along with the decrease in rare earth ionic radius, confirming the effects of increased ring–ring interactions on the Raman characteristics of naphthalocyanine in the mixed ring double-deckers.

Indoor exposure to submicrometer particles and PM2.5 in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia

As part of a large study investigating indoor air in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia, the purpose of this work was to quantify indoor exposure to submicrometer particles and PM2.5 for the inhabitants of 14 houses. Particle concentrations were measured simultaneously for more than 48 hours in the kitchens of all the houses by using a condensation particle counter (CPC) and a photometer (DustTrak). The occupants of the houses were asked to fill in a diary, noting the time and duration of any activity occurring throughout the house during measurement, as well as their presence or absence from home. From the time series concentration data and the information about indoor activities, exposure to the inhabitants of the houses was calculated for the entire time they spent at home as well as during indoor activities resulting in particle generation. The results show that the highest median concentration level occurred during cooking periods for both particle number concentration (47.5´103 particles cm-3) and PM2.5 concentration (13.4 mg m-3). The highest residential exposure period was the sleeping period for both particle number exposure (31%) and PM2.5 exposure (45.6%). The percentage of the average residential particle exposure level in total 24h particle exposure level was approximating 70% for both particle number and PM2.5 exposure.

4-(2-Hydroxyethyl) anilinium 3,5-dinitrobenzoate

In the title compound, C8H12NO+ C7H3N2O6-, the anilinium and hydroxyl protons of the cation result in N-H...O, N-H..(O,O) and O-H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions with carboxylate O atom acceptors, forming a two-dimensional network structure. An intermolecular C-H...O interaction is also present.