Physical oceanography from the TRACTOR project

Primary Objectives - Describe and quantify the present strength and variability of the circulation and oceanic processes of the Nordic Seas regions using primarily observations of the long term spread of a tracer purposefully released into the Greenland Sea Gyre in 1996. - Improve our understanding of ocean processes critical to the thermaholine circulation in the Nordic Seas regions so as to be able to predict how this region may respond to climate change. - Assess the role of mixing and ageing of water masses on the carbon transport and the role of the thermohaline circulation in carbon storage using water transports and mixing coefficients derived from the tracer distribution. Specific Objectives Perform annual hydrographic, chemical and SF6 tracer surveys into the Nordic regions in order to: - Measure lateral and diapycnal mixing rates in the Greenland Sea Gyre and in the surrounding regions. - Document the depth and rates of convective mixing in the Greenland Sea using the SF6 and the water masses characteristics. - Measure the transit time and transport of water from the Greenland Sea to surrounding seas and outflows. Document processes of water mass transformation and entrainment occurring to water emanating from the central Greenland Sea. - Measure diapycnal mixing rates in the bottom and margins of the Greenland Sea basin using the SF6 signal observed there. Quantify the potential role of bottom boundary-layer mixing in the ventilation of the Greenland Sea Deep Water in absence of deep convection. Monitor the variability of the entrainment of water from the Greenland Sea using time series auto-sampler moorings at strategic positions i.e., sill of the Denmark Strait, Labrador Sea, Jan Mayen fracture zone and Fram Strait. Relate the observed variability of the tracer signal in the outflows to convection events in the Greenland Sea and local wind stress events. Obtain a better description of deepwater overflow and entrainment processes in the Denmark Strait and Faeroe Bank Channel overflows and use these to improve modelling of deepwater overflows. Monitor the tracer invasion into the North Atlantic using opportunistic SF6 measurements from other cruises: we anticipate that a number of oceanographic cruises will take place in the north-east Atlantic and the Labrador Sea. It should be possible to get samples from some cruises for SF6 measurements. Use process models to describe the spread of the tracer to achieve better parameterisation for three-dimensional models. One reason that these are so resistant to prediction is that our best ocean models are as yet some distance from being good enough, to predict climate and climate change.

Structure of pentacyclo[7.4.2.02,6.06,15.011,14]pentadec-4-ene-7,13-dione, a novel pentacyclic C15 quinane system

C 15H 1602 (a synthetic precursor to dodecahedrane), monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.171 (5), b = 6.976(5), c = 13.868 (3) A, B = 102.56 (3) ° , Z = 4, D m = 1.30, D c = 1.318 g cm -3, F(000) = 488, g(Mo K¢t) = 0.92 cm- 1. Intensity data were collected on a Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer and the structure was solved by direct methods. Full-matrix least-squares refinement gave R = 0.077 (R w = 0.076) for 1337 observed reflections. All the five-membered rings are cis fused and have envelope (C s symmetry) conformations.

Stereospecific construction of multiple contiguous quaternary carbons. Total synthesis of (±)-cis,anti,cis-1,8,12,12-tetramethyl-4-oxatricyclo[6.4.0.02,6]dodecan-3-ol, a thapsane isolated from Thapsia villosa var minor

The details of the first total synthesis of a natural thapsane lg containing three contiguous quaternary carbon atoms, starting from cyclogeraniol (9) '5 described. The Claisen rearrangement of 9 with methoxypropene in the presence of a catalytic amount of propionic acid produced ketone 10. Rhodium acetate-catalyzed intramolecular cyclopropanation of a-diazo-&keto ester 12, obtained from 10 via 8-keto ester 8, furnished cyclopropyl keto ester 7. Lithium in liquid ammonia reductive cleavage of cyclopropyl compound 7 gave a 1:l mixture of hydrindanone 6 and keto1 13. Wittig methylenation of 6 furnished ester 21. Epoxidation of 21, followed by BF3-OEt2-catalyzed rearrangement of epoxide 23 afforded hemiacetal 25. Treatment of hemiacetal 25 with triethylsilane in trifluoroacetic acid furnished lactone 22, a degradation product of various thapsanes. Finally, DIBAH reduction of lactone 22 generated the thapsane

Ce(0.67)Fe(0.33)O(2-delta) and Ce(0.65)Fe(0.33)Pt(0.02)O(2-delta): New water gas shift (WGS) catalysts

Ce(0.65)Fe(0.33)Pt(0.02)O(2-delta) and Ce(0.67)Fe(0.33)O(2-delta) have been synthesized by a new low temperature sonochemical method using diethylenetriamine as a complexing agent. Due to the substitution of Fe and Pt ions in CeO(2), lattice oxygen is activated in Ce(0.67)Fe(0.33)O(2-delta) and Ce(0.65)Fe(0.33)Pt(0.02)O(2-delta). Hydrogen uptake studies show strong reduction peaks at 125 C in Ce(0.65)Fe(0.33)Pt(0.02)O(2-delta) against a hydrogen uptake peak at 420 degrees C in Ce(0.67)Fe(0.33)O(2-delta). Fe substituted ceria, Ce(0.67)Fe(0.33)O(2-delta) itself acts as a catalyst for CO oxidation and water gas shift (WGS) reactions at moderate temperatures. The rate of CO conversion in WGS with Pt free Ce(0.65)Fe(0.33)O(2-delta) is 2.8 mu mol g(-1) s(-1) at 450 C and with Pt substituted Ce(0.65)Fe(0.33)Pt(0.02)O(2-delta) is 4.05 mu mol g(-1) s(-1) at 275 degrees C. Due to the synergistic interaction of the Pt ion with Ce and Fe ions in Ce(0.65)Fe(0.33)Pt(0.02)O(2-delta), the catalyst showed much higher activity for CO oxidation and WGS reactions compared to Ce(0.67)Fe(0.33)O(2-delta). A reverse WGS reaction does not occur over Ce(0.65)Fe(0.33)Pt(0.02)O(2-delta). The catalyst also does not deactivate even when operated for a long time. Nearly 100% conversion of CO to CO(2) with 100% H(2) selectivity is observed in WGS reactions even up to 550 degrees C. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Direct evidence of redox interaction between metal ion and support oxide in Ce(0.98)Pd(0.02)O(2-delta) by a combined electrochemical and XPS study

A combined electrochemical method and X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) has been utilized to understand the Pd(2+)/CeO(2) interaction in Ce(1-x)Pd(x)O(2-delta) (x = 0.02). A constant positive potential (chronoamperometry) is applied to Ce(0.98)Pd(0.02)O(2-delta) working electrode which causes Ce(4+) to reduce to Ce(3+) to the extent of similar to 35%, while Pd remains in the +2 oxidation state. Electrochemically cycling this electrode between 0.0-1.2 V reverts back to the original state of the catalyst. This reversibility is attributed to the reversible reduction of Ce(4+) to Ce(3+) state. CeO(2) electrode with no metal component reduces to CeO(2-y) (y similar to 0.4) after applying 1.2 V which is not reversible and the original composition of CeO(2) cannot be brought back in any electrochemical condition. During the electro-catalytic oxygen evolution reaction at a constant 1.2 V for 1000 s, Ce(0.98)Pd(0.02)O(2-delta) reaches a steady state composition with Pd in the +2 states and Ce(4+) : Ce(3+) in the ratio of 0.65 : 0.35. This composition can be denoted as Ce(0.63)(4+)Ce(0.35)(4+)Pd(0.02)O(2-delta-y) (y similar to 0.17). When pure CeO(2) is put under similar electrochemical condition, it never reaches the steady state composition and reduces almost to 85%. Thus, Ce(0.98)Pd(0.02)O(2-delta) forms a stable electrode for the electro-oxidation of H(2)O to O(2) unlike CeO(2) due to the metal support interaction.

Field-induced dielectric properties of laser ablated antiferroelectric (Pb0.99Nb0.02)(Zr0.57Sn0.38Ti0.05)0.98O3 thin films

Niobium-modified lead zirconate stannate titanate antiferroelectric thin films with the chemical composition of (Pb0.99Nb0.02)(Zr0.57Sn0.38Ti0.05)0.98O3 were deposited by pulsed excimer laser ablation technique on Pt-coated Si substrates. Field-induced phase transition from antiferroelectric to ferroelectric properties was studied at different fields as a function of temperature. The field forced ferroelectric phase transition was elucidated by the presence of double-polarization hysteresis and double-butterfly characteristics from polarization versus applied electric field and capacitance and voltage measurements, respectively. The measured forward and reverse switching fields were 25 kV/cm and 77 kV/cm, respectively. The measured dielectric constant and dissipation factor were 540 and 0.001 at 100 kHz, respectively, at room temperature.

Prudentia Iuris, 1980, n° 02 (número completo)

Contenido: Editorial – Tomás Casares juez / Bernardino Montejano (h) – La esencia racional de la ley según Santo Tomás / Benito Raffo Magnasco – El derecho : aproximaciones a su esencia / Ernesto Pueyrredón – Razón práctica e interpretación / Enrique Zuleta Puceiro – El voluntarismo en Duns Escoto y la noción de contrato / Jorge Guillermo Portela – Realismo, idealismo y derecho monetario / Aníbal A. de Cristófaro – La piedad patriótica / Leonardo José de Martini – El derecho, un saber subalternado a la ciencia moral : un retorno a la doctrina del derecho natural clásico / Horacio Roberto Granero – Documentos – Notas bibliográficas

PEC nº 548/02 : autonomia das coligações eleitorais

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XIX - Ciência Política, Sociologia Política, História, Relações Internacionais.

[Discurso do Deputado Abel Rafael : Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados de 02 de maio de 1960]

Discurso proferido durante a primeira Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados na nova capital, Brasília. Congratulações, em nome do Partido da Representação Popular - PRP, pela transferência da Capital.