K418与42CrMo异种金属的激光穿透焊接

实验研究了连续波Nd：YAG激光焊接速度、侧吹保护气流量和离焦量等参量对激光穿透焊接K418和42CrMo焊缝成形的影响。结果表明，K418与42CrMo激光穿透焊接有X形和T形两种典型的焊缝形貌，且焊缝形貌是不对称的。随着焊接速度的提高，焊接线能量降低，焊缝尺寸变小，且焊缝上部尺寸变化比下部尺寸变化慢，焊缝形貌由X形过渡到T形。当离焦量在瑞利长度范围内时，焊缝正面宽度变化很小；当离焦量超出瑞利长度范围时，在足够高的激光功率密度下，焊缝正面宽度快速增加。在激光功率为3kW，侧吹保护气角度为35°条件下，通过优化焊接速度、侧吹保护气流量和离焦量等参量可以得到最佳焊缝质量。

Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization of Laser Welding Cast Ni-Based Superalloy K418 Turbo Disk And Alloy Steel 42Crmo Shaft

Microstructure characterization is important for controlling the quality of laser welding. In the present work, a detailed microstructure characterization by transmission electron microscopy was carried out on the laser welding cast Ni-based superalloy K418 turbo disk and alloy steel 42CrMo shaft and an unambiguous identification of phases in the weldment was accomplished. It was found that there are gamma-FeCrNiC austenite solid solution dendrites as the matrix, (Nb, Ti) C type MC carbides, fine and dispersed Ni-3 Al gamma' phase as well as Laves particles in the interdendritic region of the seam zone. A brief discussion was given for their existence based on both kinetic and thermodynamic principles. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Research on laser welding of cast Ni-based superalloy K418 turbo disk and alloy steel 42CrMo shaft

Exploratory experiments of laser welding cast Ni-based superalloy K418 turbo disk and alloy steel 42CrMo shaft were conducted. Microstructure of the welded seam was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Mechanical properties of the welded seam were evaluated by microhardness and tensile strength testing. The corresponding mechanisms were discussed in detail. Results showed that the laser-welded seam had non-equilibrium solidified microstructures consisting of FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06 austenite solid solution dendrites as the dominant and some fine and dispersed Ni3Al gamma' phase and Laves particles as well as little amount of MC short stick or particle-like carbides distributed in the interdendritic regions. The average microhardness of the welded seam was relatively uniform and lower than that of the base metal due to partial dissolution and suppression of the strengthening phase gamma' to some extent. About 88.5% tensile strength of the base metal was achieved in the welded joint because of a non-full penetration welding and the fracture mechanism was a mixture of ductility and brittleness. The existence of some Laves particles in the welded seam also facilitated the initiation and propagation of the microcracks and microvoids and hence, the detrimental effects of the tensile strength of the welded joint. The present results stimulate further investigation on this field. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of deep penetration laser welding of dissimilar metal Ni-based cast superalloy K418 and alloy steel 42CrMo

Experimental trials of autogenous deep penetration welding between dissimilar cast Ni-based superalloy K418 and alloy steel 42CrMo flat plates with 5.0 mm thickness were conducted using a 3 kW continuous wave (CW) Nd:YAG laser. The influences of laser output power, welding velocity and defocusing distance on the morphology, welding depth and width as well as quality of the welded seam were investigated. Results show that full keyhole welding is not formed on both K4.18 and 42CrMo side, simultaneously, due to the relatively low output power. Partial fusion is observed on the welded seam near 42CrMo side because of the large disparity of thermal-physical and high-temperature mechanical properties of these two materials. Tile rnicrohardness of the laser-welded joint was also examined and analyzed. It is suggested that applying negative defocusing in the range of Raylei length can increase the welding depth and improve tile coupling efficiency of the laser materials interaction. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dissimilar autogenous full penetration welding of superalloy K418 and 42CrMo steel by a high power CWNd : YAG laser

Experiments of autogenous laser full penetration welding between dissimilar cast Ni-based superalloy K418 and alloy steel 42CrMo flat plates with 3.5 mm thickness were conducted using a 3 kW continuous wave (CW) Nd:YAG laser. The influences of laser welding velocity, flow rate of side-blow shielding gas, defocusing distance were investigated. Microstructure of the welded seam was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Mechanical properties of the welded seam were evaluated by microhardness and tensile strength testing. Results show that high quality full penetration laser-welded joint can be obtained by optimizing the welding velocity, flow rate of shielding gas and defocusing distance. The laser-welded seam have non-equilibrium solidified microstructures consisting of gamma-FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06 austenite solid solution dendrites as the dominant and very small amount of super-fine dispersed Ni3Al gamma' phase and Laves particles as well as MC needle-like carbides distributed in the interdendritic regions. Although the microhardness of the laser-welded seam was lower than that of the base metal, the strength of the joint was equal to that of the base metal and the fracture mechanism showed fine ductility. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

K418高温合金和42CrMo合金钢的激光焊接

进行了K418高温合金和42CrMo钢的激光焊接实验，分别采用OM、SEM、XRD和EDS等手段分析了焊缝的金相组织和物相组成，评价了焊缝的显微硬度和拉伸强度。结果表明：焊缝主要由树枝状非平衡凝固的FeCrNiC（力固溶体组成，此外，还有少量细小、弥散的Ni_3Al（γ′）相、Laves颗粒和少量MC碳化物分布在树枝晶间区域。由于主要强化相γ′在激光辐照后的部分溶解和随后快速凝固的抑制作用，焊缝的硬度虽分布较均匀但低于母材。由于没有获得穿透的焊接接头，焊接接头的强度约只有母材的88．5％，焊缝的断裂机制是塑性和脆性断裂的混合机制。由于在焊缝中存在一些Laves颗粒，这促进了微裂纹和微孔的形成和扩展，降低了焊接接头的抗拉强度。

K418与42CrMo异种金属激光焊接接头组织与力学性能

试验研究了额定功率为3kW的连续波Nd：YAG激光焊接热输入对激光焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属焊缝形貌的影响。通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、硬度仪、万能试验机及X衍射对激光焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属焊缝接头组织、元素分布、相组成及接头的力学性能进行分析。结果表明，在焊接热输入恒定的条件下，高功率、高焊速的匙孔焊接比低功率、低焊速的热传导焊接更能增加焊缝熔深。通过扫描电镜在焊缝区域观察到了颗粒状物和针状物，能谱分析表明，颗粒状物Nb，Ti，Mo元素聚集，Fe，Ni元素减少；针状物Ti，Nb元素聚集。K418与42CrMo异种金属激光焊接工艺参数优化后的焊缝抗拉强度高于42CrMo母材。

K418与42CrMo异种金属激光深熔焊接

研究了连续波Nd:YAG激光焊接功率、速度、离焦量和侧吹保护气流量对激光深熔焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属焊缝形貌、焊缝熔深的影响,讨论了焊缝区热裂纹产生机制.结果表明,额定功率为3 kW的Nd:YAG激光深熔焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属,由于它们的物理化学性质的差异,焊缝靠近42CrMo侧易出现未熔合;激光光斑向42CrMo侧偏移可以减少焊缝靠近42CrMo侧未熔合量;通过优化侧吹保护气流量和离焦量可以增加熔深.由于K418液态金属的流动性差,导致焊缝靠近K418侧对流传热不充分,使焊缝靠近K418侧熔合线呈现锯齿形.焊缝区热裂纹的产生主要是由于焊缝区元素偏析形成的低熔物导致.

K418与42CrMo异种金属激光焊接缺陷形成机制

研究了镍基高温合金K418与合金钢42CrMo异种金属激光焊接焊缝缺陷的形成机制。通过光学显微镜观察了焊缝的宏观缺陷;通过扫描电镜观察了焊缝的微观缺陷,并使用能谱仪测量了焊缝缺陷处和枝晶核的成份。研究结果表明:K418和42CrMo异种金属激光焊接焊接参数选择不合理,焊缝易形成塌陷、气孔和裂纹等缺陷;焊缝区域的热裂纹是和焊接过程晶界形成的低熔物密切相关;在焊接试样被焊透的条件下,提高焊接速度可以避免焊缝塌陷;通过优化焊接过程保护气流量和维持激光深熔焊接过程匙孔的稳定性可以抑制焊缝区域气孔的产生。

K418合金和42CrMo钢激光焊焊缝的微观组织

采用透射电镜及附带能谱(TEM-EDS)对K418高温合金涡轮盘和42CrMo合金钢转轴激光焊焊缝的微观组织进行了分析.结果表明:焊缝主要由树枝状非平衡凝固的FeCrNiC(γ)固溶体组成,此外,还有少量细小、弥散的Ni_3Alγ'相、Laves颗粒和少量MC碳化物分布在树枝晶之间区域;根据热动力学原理对形成这一组织特征的原因进行了简要讨论.

42CrMo激光焊焊缝组织

42CrMo合金钢C含量高、合金元素含量多、淬硬倾向大,焊接性能差。激光焊接具有功率密度高、焊接变形小等优点,适合焊接传统工艺难焊的同种或异种金属。通过额定功率为3kW的Nd∶YAG固体激光器焊接42CrMo,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X衍射、硬度仪分析了焊缝区域组织、成分和硬度变化。研究结果表明:焊缝区域组织为马氏体,热影响完全淬火区的组织为马氏体+贝氏体组织,热影响不完全淬火区的组织为贝氏体。从焊缝正面到焊缝背面的硬度分布表明:由于焊缝正面有保护气体的作用提高了焊缝正面熔池的冷却速度,使焊缝背面的硬度低于焊缝正面的硬度。

K418与42CrMo异种金属激光焊接接头组织演变规律

研究了额定功率为3kW的Nb:YAG激光焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属,通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、能谱仪(EDS)分析了焊缝接头组织和成分。结果表明,焊缝与母材交界组织为具有一定方向的枝晶组织,焊缝中心为等轴晶。由于激光焊接熔池的非平衡凝固,焊缝枝晶间弥散分布着颗粒状的Laves相、针状的MC碳化物和8字形的γ′。Laves相具有熔点低、硬和脆的特点,在焊缝区域常成为裂纹萌生和扩展的地方。为了提高焊缝的力学性能,需要优化工艺参数,抑制Laves的形成。

激光深熔焊接焊缝形成机制

研究了额定功率为3kW的Nd:YAG激光器焊接镍基高温合金K418、合金钢42CrMo、镍基高温合金K418与合金钢42CrMo异种金属;通过光学显微镜观察了焊缝的宏观形貌。结果表明,42CrMo焊缝形貌为Ⅱ形,K418焊缝形貌为对称形的大钉头小钉身焊缝,K418与42CrMo焊缝形貌为非对称形的大钉头小钉身焊缝。由于K418和42CrMo热物性参数的差异,K418与42CrMo异种金属激光焊接随激光覆盖K418侧的光斑面积比例从1/3增加到2/3,大钉头小钉身的焊缝横截面尾部从圆弧形逐步过渡到月牙形。

Effect of mean stress on multiaxial ratcheting life: a simplified life prediction model based on average equivalent stress amplitude

This article proposes a model to predict uniaxial and multiaxial ratcheting life by addressing the three primary parameters that influence failure life: fatigue damage, ratcheting damage and the multiaxial loading path. These three factors are addressed in the present model by (a) the stress amplitude for fatigue damage, (b) mean stress-dependent Goodman equation for ratcheting damage and (c) an inherent weight factor based on average equivalent stress to account for the multiaxial loading. The proposed model requires only two material constants which can be easily determined from uniaxial symmetric stress-controlled fatigue tests. Experimental ratcheting life data collected from the literature for 1025 and 42CrMo steel under multiaxial proportional and nonproportional constant amplitude loading ratcheting with triangular sinusoidal and trapezoidal waveform (i.e. linear, rhombic, circular, elliptical and square stress paths) have shown good agreement with the proposed model.