Testing and simulation of extruded polystyrene foam at low to moderate strain rates

This paper presents a study into the behaviour of extruded polystyrene foam at low strain rates. The foam is being studied in order assess its potential for use as part of a new innovative design of portable road safety barrier the aim to consume less water and reduce rates of serious injury. The foam was tested at a range of low strain rates, with the stress and strain behaviour of the foam specimens being recorded. The energy absorption capabilities of the foam were assessed as well as the response of the foam to multiple loadings. The experimental data was then used to create a material model of the foam for use in the explicit finite element solver LS-DYNA. Simulations were carried out using the material model which showed excellent correlation between the numerical material model and the experimental data.

Vapor pressure and thermodynamic properties of MgIn2O4

The vapor pressure of pure indium, and the sum of the pressures of (In) and (In2O) species over the condensed phase mixture {In} + 〈MgIn2O4〉 + 〈MgO〉, have been measured by the Knudsen effusion technique in the temperature range 1095–1350 K. The materials under study were contained in a zirconia crucible, which had a Knudsen orifice along the vertical wall. The major vapor species over the condensed phase mixture were identified as (In) and (In2O) using a mass-spectrometer. The vapor pressure of (In2O) corresponding to the reaction,View the MathML source was deduced from the experimental results;View the MathML source The standard free energy of formation of the inverse spinel 〈MgIn2O4〉 from its component oxides, is given by,View the MathML source View the MathML source The entropy of transformation of 〈In2O3〉 from the C rare-earth structure to the corundum structure is evaluated from the measured entropy of formation of (MgIn2O4) and a semi-empirical correlation for the entropy of formation of spinel phases from component oxides with rock-salt and corundum structures.

光系统I及其亚组分的分离纯化与光破坏特性的研究

光系统I（photosystem I，PSI）是光合膜上参与光合作用原初反应过程的主要膜蛋白超分子复合体之一。高等植物的PSI是由核心复合体（14个亚基）和捕光色素蛋白复合体I（light-harvesting complex I, LHCI，含4个Lhca蛋白）组成的超分子复合体，它的主要功能是调节光诱导的从囊腔侧的质体兰素（plastocyanin，PC）向基质侧的铁氧还蛋白（ferredoxin，Fd）的电子传递。研究PSI的结构与功能对于揭示植物光合作用高效吸能、传能的分子机理具有重要意义。在本文中，我们首先建立了分离制备PSI及其亚组分的方法（Qin et al., 2007），并在此基础上对PSI在强光破坏的过程中结构与功能的变化进行了比较深入的研究。本论文的主要研究结果如下： 1．快速、高效分离纯化PSI及其亚组分方法的建立。 国际上传统的PSI分离方法（Bassi and Simpson, 1987; Croce et al., 1998; Påsllon et al.1995; Schmid et al. 2002），耗时长较长（分离PSI颗粒一般需要多于20h的蔗糖超速离心过程，而分离PSI的亚组分则需要25-60h的蔗糖超速离心过程）、得率较低，这不便于PSI方面的研究，为此我们首先改进了传统的分离纯化方法。新方法以高等植物菠菜叶片作为原材料，使用Triton X-100作为增溶剂，通过差速离心技术获得的粗制品，然后使用十二烷基麦芽糖苷(n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside, DDM)增溶PSI粗制品，之后采用100,000×g，垂直转头（Beckman VTi 50）0.1-1 mol/L蔗糖梯度离心3h获得纯度较高的PSI颗粒。然后使用DDM和3-(N, N-Dimethylpalmitylammonio) propanesulfonate （zw 3-16）两种增溶剂处理PSI，后经100,000×g，垂直转头（Beckman VTi 50）蔗糖梯度离心4h获得纯度较高的PSI core、LHCI-680、LHCI-730复合体。采用吸收光谱、荧光光谱技术研究了各样品的基本光谱学特性，采用HPLC分析了各样品的色素组成，结果显示平均每个Lhca蛋白结合1.5-1.6黄体素，1.0紫黄质, 0.8-1.1 β-胡萝卜素，该方法制备的LHCI比传统方法制备的LHCI减少了类胡萝卜素的丢失。这一工作为以后结构与功能的研究工作奠定了良好的基础。 2．PSI复合体及其亚组分的特性研究。 PSI颗粒具有一定的适应环境酸碱变化的能力，在我们的试验条件下PSI颗粒在pH 5-10相对稳定。PSI、LHCI很难通过加入Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+阳离子聚集沉淀。经绿胶鉴定我们制备的LHCI-680、LHCI-730是二聚体形式;而把PSI绿胶后再进行第二向十二烷基硫酸钠－聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）电泳，结果发现在稍强烈的绿胶增溶条件下，LHCI-730是以二聚体的形式存在，但是LHCI-680却是以单体的形式出现。这说明LHCI形成的二聚体，尤其是LHCI-680，较容易受到增溶处理而分离成单体形式，解释了以生化分离手段得到的LHCI-680的聚集形式是单体还是二聚体这个目前国际上还有有争议的问题。 3．PSI、LHCI光破坏的基本特点。 采用白光（2500 μmol•m-2•s-1）照射PSI颗粒，通过SDS-PAGE及室温吸收光谱检测光照过程中PSI复合体的变化，结果表明：去氧处理能够大大延缓PSI的光破坏，而PSI脱辅基蛋白不会发生光破坏，这说明PSI发生的光破坏可能与Chl与O2的相互作用有关。采用白光（1000 μmol•m-2•s-1、300 μmol•m-2•s-1）处理LHCI-680、LHCI-730，发现LHCI-680被破坏的速度明显快于LHCI-730被破坏的速度，这是首次在体外分离的水平上揭示了不同LHCI光破坏方面的差异。LHCI-680与LHCI-730在光破坏方面的差异可能与两种天线蛋白结合的类胡萝卜素的种类和数量不同有关，还可能与二者结合的长波长Chl的情况有关，但是具体的原因还有待于进一步的研究。 4．结合不同的捕光色素蛋白复合体（light-harvesting complex，LHC）对PSI光破坏的影响。 为了研究结合不同的捕光天线对PSI光破坏的影响，我们制备了PSI-LHCII、PSI、PSI core三种复合体。使用白光（2500 μmol•m-2•s-1）照射这三种复合体，并通过测定各复合体在光破坏过程中蛋白亚基、吸收光谱、PSI活性及P700含量的变化，对比三者光破坏的速度，结果发现PSI-LHCII在这三种复合体中光破坏速度最快，而PSI和PSI core两种复合体光破坏速度基本一致。我们推测在光照过程中部分光系统II捕光Chl a/b蛋白复合体II（light-harvesting complex II，LHCII）能够向PSI core传递能量，另外PSI-LHCII绿胶分析的结果表明发生了LHCII三聚体向单体的转变，这种强光下发生的LHCII聚合形式的转化可能是高光强下调节光能捕获的一种机制，由于植物体内具有较完整的保护系统，体内PSI-LHCII的光破坏可能与体外情况不同;另外LHCI与PSI core的解离可能发生在强光照射的早期，具有保护PSI core减少光破坏的积极作用。该部分的研究首次观察了结合不同的捕光天线对PSI光破坏的影响。

Realizing interoperability of e-learning repositories.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo contribuir a mejorar la recuperación de información en la web relacionada con los sistemas de aprendizaje en línea.. Se proporciona una revisión del estado de la cuestión del área de interoperabilidad en sistemas distribuidos enfocados parcialmente al aprendizaje. Se detallan, tanto la motivación para el trabajo en interoperabilidad y su necesidad desde el punto de vista del consumidor y proveedor de información, como los diferentes componentes necesarios para garantizarla.. Este trabajo contribuye a mejorar la interoperabilidad en sistemas de gestión de aprendizaje en línea y facilita medios necesarios para conseguirlo: un lenguaje de búsqueda común, un vocabulario global, integración semántica y ranking. También se ofrecen soluciones para la mejora de la interoperabilidad de estas aplicaciones, facilitando su efectividad desde el punto de vista del consumidor y proveedor de información..

Non-linear analysis of reinforced concrete plates by the boundary element method and continuum damage mechanics

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Lower numbers of natural killer T cells in HIV-1 and Mycobacterium leprae co-infected patients

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes that recognize antigens presented by CD1d and have attracted attention because of their potential role linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Peripheral NKT cells display a memory-activated phenotype and can rapidly secrete large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon antigenic activation. In this study, we evaluated NKT cells in the context of patients co-infected with HIV-1 and Mycobacterium leprae. The volunteers were enrolled into four groups: 22 healthy controls, 23 HIV-1-infected patients, 20 patients with leprosy and 17 patients with leprosy and HIV-1-infection. Flow cytometry and ELISPOT assays were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We demonstrated that patients co-infected with HIV-1 and M.leprae have significantly lower NKT cell frequencies [median 0.022%, interquartile range (IQR): 0.0070.051] in the peripheral blood when compared with healthy subjects (median 0.077%, IQR: 0.0320.405, P < 0.01) or HIV-1 mono-infected patients (median 0.072%, IQR: 0.0300.160, P < 0.05). Also, more NKT cells from co-infected patients secreted interferon-? after stimulation with DimerX, when compared with leprosy mono-infected patients (P = 0.05). These results suggest that NKT cells are decreased in frequency in HIV-1 and M.leprae co-infected patients compared with HIV-1 mono-infected patients alone, but are at a more activated state. Innate immunity in human subjects is strongly influenced by their spectrum of chronic infections, and in HIV-1-infected subjects, a concurrent mycobacterial infection probably hyper-activates and lowers circulating NKT cell numbers.