Design democratisation and its understandings through the meaning of the word “design” in Portuguese colonised countries

This paper explores the literature and analyses the different uses and understandings of the word “design” in Portuguese colonised countries, using Brazil as the main example. It investigates the relationship between the linguistic existence of terms to define and describe “design” as an activity and field, and the roles and perceptions of Design by the general society. It also addresses the effects that the lack of a proper translation causes on the local community from a cultural point of view. The current perception of Design in Portuguese colonies is associated to two main aspects: linguistic and historical. Both of them differentiate the countries taken into consideration from other countries that have a different background. The changes associated to the meaning of “design” throughout the years, caused a great impact on the perceptions that people have about Design. On the other hand, the development of Design has also influenced the changes on the meaning of the term, as a result of the legacy from the colonisation period and also as a characteristic of the Portuguese language. Design has developed and reached a level of excellence in Portuguese colonised countries that competes with the most traditional Design cultures in the world. However, this level of Design is enmeshed into an elite belonging to universities and specialised markets, therefore Design is not democratised. The ultimate aim of this study is to promote discussions on how to make the discourse surrounding this area more accessible to people from non-English speaking countries that do not have the word “design” in their local language.

A key to the classical pronunciation of Greek, Latin and Scripture proper names : in which the words are accented and divided into syllables exactly as they ought to be pronounced, according to rules drawn from analogy and the best usage : to which are added, terminational vocabularies of Hebrew, Greek and Latiln proper names, in which the words are arranged according to their final syllables, and classed according to their accents : by which the general analogy of pronunciation may be seen at one view, and the accentuation of each word more earily remembered : concluding with observations on the Greek and Latin accent and quantity : with some probable conjectures on the method of freeing them from the obscurity and confusion in which they are involved, both by the ancients and moderns ... /

"Errata": p. 285.

A key to the classical pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and scripture proper names : in which the words are accented and divided into syllables exactly as they ought to be pronounced, according to rules drawn from analogy and the best usuage to which are added terminational vocabularies of Hebrew, Greek and Latin proper names, in which the words are arranged according to their final syllables, and classed according to their accents; by which the general analogy of pronunciation may be seen at one view, and the accentuation of each word more easily remembered. Concluding with observations on the Greek and Latin accents and quantity; with some probable conjectures on the method of freeing them from obscurity and confusion in which they are involved, both by the ancients and moderns /

Edition statement at head of title.

The New Testament of our Lord and saviour Jesus Christ : translated out of the original Greek, and with the former translations diligently compared and revised, to which is applied, in numerous words, the orthoepy of the critical pronouncing dictionary : also, the classical pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and scripture proper names /

Mode of access: Internet.

A critical pronouncing dictionary, and expositor of the English language ... To which are prefixed principles of English pronunciation ... Likewise, rules to be observed by the natives of Scotland, Ireland and London, for avoiding their respective peculiarities ... To which is annexed A key to the classical pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and Scripture proper names, &c.

The Key has special t.-p., dated 1827, and separate paging.

Review of Johnson's English dictionary, as improved by Todd and abridged by Chalmers; with Walker's Pronouncing dictionary combined; to which is added Walker's key to the classical pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and scripture proper names. Edited by J. E. Worcester.

Attributed to John Pickering in a list of his published writings in the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, v.10, 3d series, Boston, 1849, p.224.

A key to the classical pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and Scripture proper names ... critical notes ...

Mode of access: Internet.

A critical pronouncing dictionary, and expositor of the English language ... To which are prefixed principles of English pronunciation ... Likewise, rules to be observed by the natives of Scotland, Ireland and London ... and directions to foreigners ... The whole interspersed with observations, etymological, critical, and grammatical ... To which is annexed A key to the classical pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and Scripture proper names, &c.

"A key to the classical pronunciation ... New-York [n.d.]": (103 p. at end)

Greek, Latin, and the Indian Civil Service

This is a slightly revised version of an article first published in the Cambridge Classical Journal, vol. 51 (2005), pp. 35-71.