11 resultados para 41495


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Effective use of information and communication technologies (ICT) is necessary for delivering efficiency and improved project delivery in the construction industry. Convincing clients or contracting organisations to embrace ICT is a difficult task, there are few templates of an ICT business model for the industry to use. ICT application in the construction industry is relatively low compared to automotive and aerospace industries. The National Museum of Australia project provides a unique opportunity for investigating and reporting on this deficiency in publicly available knowledge. Concentrates on the business model content and objectives, briefly indicates the evaluation framework that was used to evaluate ICT effectiveness.

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A customer reported problem (or Trouble Ticket) in software maintenance is typically solved by one or more maintenance engineers. The decision of allocating the ticket to one or more engineers is generally taken by the lead, based on customer delivery deadlines and a guided complexity assessment from each maintenance engineer. The key challenge in such a scenario is two folds, un-truthful (hiked up) elicitation of ticket complexity by each engineer to the lead and the decision of allocating the ticket to a group of engineers who will solve the ticket with in customer deadline. The decision of allocation should ensure Individual and Coalitional Rationality along with Coalitional Stability. In this paper we use game theory to examine the issue of truthful elicitation of ticket complexities by engineers for solving ticket as a group given a specific customer delivery deadline. We formulate this problem as strategic form game and propose two mechanisms, (1) Division of Labor (DOL) and (2) Extended Second Price (ESP). In the proposed mechanisms we show that truth telling by each engineer constitutes a Dominant Strategy Nash Equilibrium of the underlying game. Also we analyze the existence of Individual Rationality (IR) and Coalitional Rationality (CR) properties to motivate voluntary and group participation. We use Core, solution concept from co-operative game theory to analyze the stability of the proposed group based on the allocation and payments.

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鄂尔多斯高原是一个多层次、复杂的生态过渡带,具有复杂多样的环境条件、生态特点,因此也就具有复杂多样的植物与环境关系。本文从群落和景观两个尺度水平上研究鄂尔多斯高原植物或植被与环境关系及景观空间格局。利用鄂尔多斯高原野外植物群落样方调坦数据、微生境环境数据、气候数据,以典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis, CCA)的方法分析了鄂尔多斯高原植物分布空间格局与环境要素的关系并对秋类环境要素对鄂尔多斯高原植物空间分布格局的贡献进行了定量分解;利用1:500 000 鄂尔多斯高原植被、土壤、土地利用、土地沙漠化类型等专题地图在GIS支持下分析了鄂尔多斯高原景观空间格局、并利用上述专题图数据加上鄂尔多斯高原气候数据库分析了土壤、土地利用、土地利用、土地沙漠化和气候等对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的作用。通过分析,得到了以下主要结论: 1 在分析方法上、利用典范对应分析的方法,把植物分布的空间因素与环境因素分离的方法发展为植物分布空间格局不同类型影响因素作用的定量分离,提出了相应的概念模型和实现方法。 2 影响鄂尔多斯高原植物分布空间格局的主要微生境环境要素是基质类型、地下水位、覆沙厚度等,而影响鄂尔多斯高原分布空间格局的主要气候要素中,降水和干湿指标的作用大于温度和热量指标的作用。 3 通过对鄂尔多斯高原植物分布空间格局与环境关系的研究,以植物对微生境环境要素的反应为根据,把鄂尔多斯高原主要植物划分为4个大类群:梁地植物、沙地植物、草甸植物和耐盐植物。根据它们对气候要素的反应,把鄂尔多斯高原主要植物划分为典型草原植物、荒漠草原植物和草原化荒漠植物3大类。进一步,根据鄂尔多劳动保护高原植物与环境关系的研究,进行了鄂尔多斯高原植被功能型划分的尝试,得到了鄂尔多斯高原的12种主要植被功能型。 4 对鄂尔多斯高原植物分布的空间格局的影响环境因素的贡献作了定量地分解。分析结果显示:鄂尔多斯高原植物分布空间格局中有27.02%可由已知环境变量得到解释,其中21.56%与微生境环境要素相关,7.51%与气候要素的作用有关,而气候与微生境环境要素的耦合作用的份额为2.05%。根据植物生长是否直接受到地下水的影响,鄂尔多斯高原存在两大类型生态特点差异明显的生境类型:中性立地和隐域生境,对两大类型生境上影响植物空间分布格局的环境要素的作用也进行了定量分解。分析结果表明:对于植物生长不直接受地下水影响的中性立地,已知环境要素的作用可以解释植物空间分布格局总信息的29.36%,稍大于对总体上鄂尔多斯高原植物分布空间格局的解释,其中9.23%与气候要素相关,22.08%与微生境环境要素相关,而两种类型环境要素的耦合作用则占1.95%。对于植物生长直接受到地下水影响的隐域生境,所有已知环境要素对植物分布空间格局的贡献率为72.28%,其中气候要素的作用为30.31%,微生境环境要素的作用为49.08%,两类环境要素的耦合作用为7.11%。 5 描述景观空间格局的指数多种多样,这些能数在描述特定区域的景观空间格局时是有信息冗余的。本文对利用FRAGSTATS所获得的鄂尔多斯高原植被、土壤、土地利用、土地沙漠化等景观分量的20个景观指数实施了因子分析。通过因子分析,我们可以把描述鄂尔多斯高原景观空间格局的景观指数归并为以下8类:多样性指数、斑块多度指数、斑块类型丰富度指数、斑块面积指数、斑块形状指数、分形维数、空间配置指数和斑块面积变异指数。通过因子分析,还得到了这些景观指数对描述鄂尔多斯景观格局的共性特征:在描述鄂尔多斯高原景观空间格局时,作用最大的是多样性指数、斑块多度指数、面积加权平均斑块形状指数和面积加权平均分形维数,其次是斑块类型丰富度指数、平均分维指数、平均形状指数和斑块面积指数,而空间配置指数(扩散与毗连指数)和斑块面积变异指数的作用则比较微弱。 6 对鄂尔多斯高原景观指数的因子分析是非常有效和成功的。因子分析对鄂尔多斯高原植被、土壤、土地利用、土地沙漠化景观指数的分析分别得到了5-6个主要因子,可以表达原有20个景观指数所表达信息的91.1-96.0%,即可以反应鄂尔多斯高原景观空间格局的大部分信息。本文所进行的因子分析对因子进行了方差最大化(Varimax)正交旋转的处理,因子分析得到的每一个主要因子都有一个或几个与之相关性非常高的景观指数与之对应,因此,就可以用与因子分析所得主要因子相关性最高的景观指数代替该主要因子来表达鄂尔多斯高原的景观空间格局。另外还因为有些景观指数之间具有极高的相关系数,所以对因子分析所得到的景观指数可以进一步精减,最后利用因子分析成功地把原有20个景观指数减少到了11个。最后被选来描述鄂尔多斯高原景观格局的景观指数有下列11个:MSIEI(修正的Simpson均匀度指数)、AWMPFD(面积加权平均斑块分形维数)、AWMSI(面积加权平均形状指数)、NP(斑块数目)、PR(斑块类型丰富度)、MSI(平均形状指数)、MPFD(平均斑块分形维数)、MPS(平均斑块面积)、PSCV(斑块面积变异系数)、DLFD(双对数分形维数)和IJI(扩散与毗连指数)。 7 鄂尔多斯高原植被、土壤、土地利用在景观组成结构上具有一个共同特点,就是各种类型的面积差异极大,少数类型占有极大比重,而其余面积则很小。产生这一情形的原因主要与人为活动的强烈影响有关,表现在地带性的植被与土壤面积所占的比重不高,沙地、沙生植被与风沙土则占有很大比重。 8 以地带性植被和滩地隐域性植被表示的鄂尔多斯高原的原生植被仅占高原面积的不足30%,而以地带性土壤和滩地隐域性土壤表示的原生性土壤占鄂尔多斯高原总面积的近40%,说明土壤退化不如植被退化严重,或滞后于植被退化。 9 鄂尔多斯高原各景观指数的空间变化曲线,植被与土壤很相近,具有非常相似的格局;土地利用景观格局空间变化特征与植被、土壤等明显不同;土地沙漠化的景观格局空间变化曲线介植被曲线、土壤曲线与土地利用曲线之间,说明土地沙漠化不仅是一个受人为活动影响的过程,而且与自然过程密切相关。 10 鄂尔多斯高原景观格局的空间梯度变化表现出了东西向和南北向的梯度,但总体上以东西向的变化比较明显。 11 通过鄂尔多斯高原土壤类型、土地利用、土地沙漠化等景观要素、气候、空间要素与鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的CCA分析,探讨了它们之间的相互关系。以对鄂尔多斯高原植被组成数据的总方差解释的百分率为标准,土壤对鄂尔多斯植被分布的空间格局的作用最大,其方差贡献率可达44.28%,其次是土地利用与鄂尔多斯高原植被的关系也很密切,土地利用对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的方差贡献率为22.45%,空间因素对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的贡献率为17.51%,土地沙漠化对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的贡献为15.65%,排在第四位;气候因素对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间格局的贡献率为11.95%,居第五位。 12 在气候要素对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的作用中,降水与干湿指标的作用大于温度与热量指标的作用。这一点与利用野外调查样方的群落数据植物与气候关系的分析是完全一致的。CCA分析还表明鄂尔多斯高原植被空间格局的东西向变化大于南北向分异。 13 在群落和景观水平上,鄂尔多斯高原植物空间分布或植被格局的影响因素的作用具有相似的格局,即气候因子的作用明显地小于地质、土壤、水文等微生境环境要素(群落水平)或土壤(景观水平)的作用,并在这两个尺度上气候要素对植物空间分布或植被格局的定量解释份额上也是非常相近的,都仅有10%左右。气候因子对鄂尔多斯高原植物空间分布格局的这种弱的解释能力,从侧面说明了人为活动等非自然因素对鄂尔多斯高原植物空间分布格局的强烈作用。 14 在鄂尔多斯高原生态系统管理上,应协调人与自然的关系;加强鄂尔多斯高原的生物多样性保育,对于本区生态和经济对非常重要的滩地,应协调好对其开发利用与保护的关系;在鄂尔多斯高原土地沙漠化防治方面,应把调整人地关系与自然生态背景与条件相结合,如使用“三圈”模式等生态系统管理模式等。

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Describir y analizar la pr??ctica docente cotidiana de una maestra de una escuela p??blica de ense??anza general b??sica de Barcelona y reconstruir el proceso de construcci??n de su saber.. Una maestra con 20 a??os de pr??ctica docente y su clase de quinto de EGB con 28 estudiantes.. Revisa el marco te??rico-metodol??gico de los estudios m??s significativos sobre la pr??ctica docente. Muestra los avances te??ricos del conocimiento sobre la pr??ctica del profesorado generados a partir de distintos enfoques te??ricos, disciplinas y tradiciones investigadoras. Explicita los conceptos te??ricos a partir de los que construye el eje anal??tico del estudio y define el problema. Analiza el trabajo desarrollado por la maestra en diferentes ??mbitos. Da pautas para futuros estudios y correcciones para mejorarlos.. Entrevistas, observaci??n, historia de vida de la maestra y evidencias documentales que va consiguiendo durante la investigaci??n.. Cuadros de distribuciones, organigramas, esquemas conceptuales, planos.. Los docentes, en su quehacer cotidiano producen un saber 'valioso'. La pr??ctica construida por los docentes en lo cotidiano escolar es hist??rica y social. Las pr??cticas y saberes construidos por los ense??antes en lo cotidiano de su trabajo es el resultado de un proceso de reflexi??n realizado colectivamente en la escuela. Las 'condiciones materiales e institucionales' de las escuelas pueden operar como elementos posibilitadores o limitadores de la pr??ctica docente. Las conclusiones constituyen tambi??n el punto de partida para otras investigaciones posteriores sobre la pr??ctica y el saber docente..

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Proyecto de huerto escolar que se centra en la recuperación de una zona de vides cercana al colegio para acercar al alumnado a la naturaleza y a la vida y trabajo del agricultor. Entre los objetivos destacan: conocer y diferenciar los vegetales por clases; comprender a través del estudio de la vid las funciones vitales de los vegetales; adentrarse en la realidad de la España rural y agrícola; iniciarse en el conocimiento de la cadena alimentaria a partir de los productos de la vid; relacionar clima, suelo, abonos, etc. con la evolución del vegetal estudiado; desarrollar la observación, experimentación y el método científico; familiarizarse con el vocabulario propio del tema; y resolver problemas matemáticos a partir de los productos de la vid. La experiencia utiliza el cultivo de la vid como el elemento globalizador de los aspectos que se van a estudiar en las diferentes áreas. Por lo tanto, el trabajo en el aula se dedica a la realización de las siguientes actividades: anotación de observaciones, redacción de informes, resolución de problemas sobre pesos y medidas, ampliación de vocabulario, construcción a escala de elementos del lagar, dibujos, pinturas, murales, memorización de poesías y canciones populares, etc. Además, se dedica una tarde a la semana a las labores agrícolas (vendimia, poda, injertos, siembra, escardado, etc.); y a elaborar pasas y mosto que es etiquetado y embotellado. La evaluación de la experiencia señala que se ha seguido el diseño establecido en el proyecto y que los participantes proponen continuar la experiencia el curso próximo, debido a los buenos resultados obtenidos.

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The Arctic sea ice retreat has accelerated over the last decade. The negative trend is largest in summer, but substantial interannual variability still remains. Here we explore observed atmospheric conditions and feedback mechanisms during summer months of anomalous sea ice melt in the Arctic. Compositing months of anomalous low and high sea ice melt over 1979–2013, we find distinct patterns in atmospheric circulation, precipitation, radiation, and temperature. Compared to summer months of anomalous low sea ice melt, high melt months are characterized by anomalous high sea level pressure in the Arctic (up to 7 hPa), with a corresponding tendency of storms to track on a more zonal path. As a result, the Arctic receives less precipitation overall and 39% less snowfall. This lowers the albedo of the region and reduces the negative feedback the snowfall provides for the sea ice. With an anticyclonic tendency, 12 W/m2 more incoming shortwave radiation reaches the surface in the start of the season. The melting sea ice in turn promotes cloud development in the marginal ice zones and enhances downwelling longwave radiation at the surface toward the end of the season. A positive cloud feedback emerges. In midlatitudes, the more zonally tracking cyclones give stormier, cloudier, wetter, and cooler summers in most of northern Europe and around the Sea of Okhotsk. Farther south, the region from the Mediterranean Sea to East Asia experiences significant surface warming (up to 2.4◦C), possibly linked to changes in the jet stream.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 459466 Aim. This in vitro study aimed to test the performance of fluorescence-based methods in detecting occlusal caries lesions in primary molars compared to conventional methods. Design. Two examiners assessed 113 sites on 77 occlusal surfaces of primary molars using three fluorescence devices: DIAGNOdent (LF), DIAGNOdent pen (LFpen), and fluorescence camera (VistaProof-FC). Visual inspection (ICDAS) and radiographic methods were also evaluated. One examiner repeated the evaluations after one month. As reference standard method, the lesion depth was determined after sectioning and evaluation in stereomicroscope. The area under the ROC curve (Az), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the methods were calculated at enamel (D1) and dentine caries (D3) lesions thresholds. The intra and interexaminer reproducibility were calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and kappa statistics. Results. At D1, visual inspection presented higher sensitivities (0.970.99) but lower specificities (0.180.25). At D3, all the methods demonstrated similar performance (Az values around 0.90). Visual and radiographic methods showed a slightly higher specificity (values higher than 0.96) than the fluorescence based ones (values around 0.88). In general, all methods presented high reproducibility (ICC higher than 0.79). Conclusions. Although fluorescence-based and conventional methods present similar performance in detecting occlusal caries lesions in primary teeth, visual inspection alone seems to be sufficient to be used in clinical practice.