Cyclometalated complexes derived from calix[4] arene bisphosphites and their catalytic applications in cross-coupling reactions

Palladium and platinum dichloride complexes of a series of symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted 25,26;27,28-dibridged p-tert-butyl-calix[4]arene bisphosphites in which two proximal phenolic oxygen atoms of p-tert-butyl-or p-H-calix[4]arene are connected to a P(OR) ( R = substituted phenyl) moiety have been synthesized. The palladium dichloride complexes of calix[4]arene bisphosphites bearing sterically bulky aryl substituents undergo cyclometalation by C-C or C-H bond scission. An example of cycloplatinated complex is also reported. The complexes have been characterized by NMR spectroscopic and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. During crystallization of the palladium dichloride complex of a symmetrically substituted calix[4]arene bisphosphite in dichloromethane, insertion of oxygen occurs into the Pd-P bond to give a P,O-coordinated palladium dichloride complex. The calix[4]arene framework in these bisphosphites and their metal complexes adopt distorted cone conformation; the cone conformation is more flattened in the metal complexes than in the free calix[4]arene bisphosphites. Some of these cyclometalated complexes proved to be active catalysts for Heck and Suzuki C-C cross-coupling reactions but, on an average, the yields are only modest. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

非晶Cu形成过程及其力学性能的微观机理研究

用分子动力学方法模拟了非晶Cu的形成过程,研究了非晶Cu力学性能的微观机理.用径向分布函数(RDF)和键对分析方法(PA),分析了快速冷却过程中系统内部结构的变化.非晶Cu径向分布函数第2个峰有明显的劈裂,键对分析表明,在快速降温过程中2331,2211和2101键对的增多是径向分布函数第2峰劈裂的原因.对非晶Cu进行拉伸、剪切加载模拟,结果表明,非晶Cu应力达到最大值之后,没有应力值的突降,宏观上出现类似塑性变形的行为.但是,非晶金属变形的微观机理不同于晶体.本文引入微观数密度统计分析,发现加载过程中微观密度呈现非均匀演化,这为理解宏观类似塑性行为的微观机理提供了线索和可能的分析方法.

影响圆叶牵牛(Ipomoea purpurea)花中花青素含量的因子研究

表型是基因型和环境共同作用的结果，环境对物种进化起到了至关重要的作用。虽然人们已经知道环境因子会影响植物花青素的最终含量，但这样的影响是如何在自然环境中进行的仍是未知。较之以前泛泛研究经济作物或模式植物的花青素总含量与人工环境变量的关系的工作，本文探讨环境变化对半野生的圆叶牵牛自然状态下不同基因型植株、不同花青素的影响。 65株取自全国各地包括3种颜色8种基因型的圆叶牵牛被分别种到了温室和室外，温室32株，室外35株，用高效液相 (HPLC) 的方法检测盛花期 (07年9月-10月) 圆叶牵牛花中花青素的含量，同时每天分早中晚采集3次温室和室外的环境数据-照度、紫外线强度、温度、湿度。记录每朵花着生高度、朝向、当天植株开花数、植株根茎、植株生长天数等个体信息。 通过保留时间、紫外-可见吸收光谱数据、质谱数据以及参考文献确定了圆叶牵牛花瓣中主要的5种花青素，包括三个矢车菊素 (CY) 和两个天竺葵素 (PG)，根据它们所含的咖啡酸和葡萄糖基的个数将它们简写成CY3C4G、CY2C4G、CY3C5G、PG2C4G、PG3C5G。CY2C4G和CY3C4G仅在蓝紫色花中大量存在，PG2C4G及PG3C5G仅在粉色花中大量存在，CY3C5G在两种颜色的圆叶牵牛花中均有存在。 温室和室外的四个环境因子有显著差异，平均照度室外为温室的3.06倍，平均紫外线强度为温室的5.39倍。Z 检验表明，蓝紫色花中的CY3C5G在温室内外没有显著差异 (P=0.3070)，而温室内的CY2C4G (P<0.0001) 和CY3C4G (P<0.0001) 含量明显的低于室外，粉花中CY3C5G和PG3C5G在温室 (P=0.4533) 和室外 (P=0.9577) 没有显著差异，PG2C4G在温室内含量明显 (P=0.0003) 低于室外。 通过Kruskal- Wallis 检验,不同基因型植株各种花青素的相对含量显著不同 (P<0.0001)。室外不同基因型植株的花青素绝对含量显著不同 (P<0.0001)。温室不同基因型植株中，CY2C4G (P=0.0224) 和CY3C4G (P=0.0017) 的绝对含量显著不同，显著性比室外的低些。CY3C5G不同基因型的绝对含量有差异，但是差异不显著 (P=0.0633)。基因型对植株中各个花青素相对含量的影响是尤其显著的，基因型对于花青素绝对含量的影响，可能是基因型直接作用和不同基因型对环境差异的不同响应两方面造成的，所以在环境变异稍大的条件下，基因型更加能显示出它对花青素的含量的影响。 植株的生长天数与粉色圆叶牵牛的PG2C4G、PG3C5G以及蓝紫色圆叶牵牛的三个花青素呈一定的正相关，当天开花数对粉色花的PG3C5G以及蓝紫色花的三个花青素呈负相关，花的朝向 (北-东-南-西-北 对应数值为0-90-180-90-0)，对粉花的PG2C4G以及蓝紫花的CY2C4G和CY3C4G 呈正相关，植株大小对粉花的PG2C4G、PG3C5G以及蓝紫花的CY3C5G呈负相关。花所着生的高度对两种颜色花的影响是不同的，与蓝紫花的三个花色素呈负相关，对于粉色的PG2C4G、CY3C5G呈正相关。

Utilidades pedag??gicas del programa Clic

El proyecto pretende que todo el profesorado del centro se familiarice con los ordenadores del aula de inform??tica, para que puedan preparar material y actividades personalizadas en el ??rea de Lengua para los alumnos. Los objetivos son fomentar el gusto por el ??rea de Lengua mediante el uso de una metodolog??a activa y personalizada; introducir la inform??tica en la programaci??n general y curricular; conocer las posibilidades pedag??gicas de la inform??tica; utilizar medios tecnol??gicos para difundir los trabajos; hacer participar al mayor n??mero posible de miembros de la comunidad educativa; y elaborar una aplicaci??n did??ctica en soporte inform??tico para trabajar aspectos del ??rea de Lengua como tradici??n oral, creaci??n de textos, vocabulario y ortograf??a, y comprensi??n lectora. En cuanto a la metodolog??a, se forma un Seminario permanente para que los profesores conozcan todas las posibilidades del aula de inform??tica, a trav??s de un curso de formaci??n inicial en ordenadores y un curso sobre el programa Clic. A continuaci??n, los alumnos comienzan a utilizar el aula de inform??tica. Se elabora una aplicaci??n did??ctica en soporte inform??tico, de la que se incluyen fotocopias de las actividades en el anexo: rompecabezas-puzzles, asociaciones texto-texto, asociaciones texto-imagen, asociaciones texto-imagen-sonido, sopas de letras, y actividades con textos. Se incluye disquete con la memoria del proyecto..

Implications of event attribution for loss and damage policy

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has established the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) to deal with loss and damage associated with climate change impacts, including extreme events, in developing countries. It is not yet known whether events will need to be attributed to anthropogenic climate change to be considered under the WIM. Attribution is possible for some extreme events- a climate model assessment can estimate how greenhouse gas emissions have affected the likelihood of their occurrence. Dialogue between scientists and stakeholders is required to establish whether, and how, this science could play a role in the WIM.

New synthetic strategies towards indolizines and pyrroles

Indolizines and pyrroles are considered as “privileged” structures since their skeletons were found in many biologically active natural products and they possess a wide range of pharmaceutical properties. Syntheses of these small drug-like molecules are very important in medicinal chemistry. However, most existent methodologies are usually limited to specific substitution patterns or require impractical starting materials or expensive catalysts. Therefore, developing new methodologies for the synthesis of indolizines and pyrroles from commercially available or readily accessible sources is highly desirable.rnIn this PhD thesis, several methods has been described for the synthesis of indolizines and pyrroles. In the first part, indolizines carrying substituents in positions 1-3 were synthesized via a formal [3+2]-cycloaddition of pyridinium ylides and nitroalkenes. Pyridinium salts were prepared by N-alkylation of pyridines with cyanohydrin triflates which could be prepared from corresponding aldehydes via a Strecker reaction followed by O-triflylation. Nitroalkenes were simply prepared from the corresponding aldehydes and nitroalkanes in a nitroaldol condensation. Overall, this modular approach allows to construct the indolizine framework with various substitution patterns starting from a pyridine, two different aldehydes and a nitroalkane. In contrast to reported methods, the produced indolizines do not have to contain an electron-withdrawing group.rnIt has also been found that nitrile-stabilized 2-alkylpyridinium ylides cyclize to unstable 2-aminoindolizines via an intramolecular 5-exo-dig cyclization. Using an in situ acetylation of the amino group, N-protected 2-aminoindolizines could be synthesized. As a less common substitution pattern, indolizines carrying substituents in positions 5–8 were synthesized from enones and 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)nitriles obtained from α-aminonitriles using a modified Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis. The decoration of the pyridine unit in the indolizine skeleton has been achieved by a one-pot conjugate addition/cycloaromatization sequence.rnIn the second part of the thesis, the diversity-oriented synthesis of pyrroles from 3,5-diaryl substituted 2H-pyrrole-2-carbonitriles (cyanopyrrolines) obtained in a cyclocondensation of enones with aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride is being discussed. 2,4-Di-, 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyrroles, pyrrole-2-carbonitriles and 2,2’-bipyrroles were synthesized in a one- or two-step protocol. While the microwave-assisted thermal elimination of HCN from cyanopyrrolines gave 2,4-disubstituted pyrroles, DDQ-oxidation of the same intermediates furnished pyrrole-2-carbonitriles. Furthermore, 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyrroles were obtained via a C-2-alkylation of the deprotonated cyanopyrrolines followed by the elimination of HCN. Finally, it has also been found that tetraaryl substituted 2,2’-bipyrroles could be synthesized by the oxidative dimerization of cyanopyrrolines using copper (II) acetate at 100 °C.rn

In vitro evaluation of demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft in combination with enamel matrix derivative

BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that a combination of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) with demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) may improve periodontal wound healing and regeneration. To date, no single study has characterized the effects of this combination on in vitro cell behavior. The aim of this study is to test the ability of EMD to adsorb to the surface of DFDBA particles and determine the effect of EMD coating on downstream cellular pathways such as adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of primary human osteoblasts and periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. METHODS DFDBA particles were precoated with EMD or human blood and analyzed for protein adsorption patterns via scanning electron microscopy. Cell attachment and proliferation were quantified using a commercial assay. Cell differentiation was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction for genes encoding Runx2, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and collagen 1α1, and mineralization was assessed using alizarinred staining. RESULTS Analysis of cell attachment revealed no significant differences among control, blood-coated, and EMD-coated DFDBA particles. EMD significantly increased cell proliferation at 3 and 5 days after seeding for both osteoblasts and PDL cells compared to control and blood-coated samples. Moreover, there were significantly higher messenger ribonucleic acid levels of osteogenic differentiation markers, including collagen 1α1, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin, in osteoblasts and PDL cells cultured on EMD-coated DFDBA particles at 3, 7, and 14 days. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the addition of EMD to DFDBA particles may influence periodontal regeneration by stimulating PDL cell and osteoblast proliferation and differentiation.

Segregación socioeconómica escolar en Chile: elección de la escuela por los padres y un análisis contrafactual teórico

En este artículo se examina la hipótesis de que la política de elección escolar ha incrementado la segregación socioeconómica en Chile. Se utiliza una base de datos georreferenciada de estudiantes y escuelas del Gran Santiago, para comparar la segregación real con la que se produciría en un escenario hipotético en que los estudiantes asisten a la escuela más cercana a su lugar de residencia. Los resultados indican que la segregación escolar es mayor en el escenario real que en el contrafactual, lo que sugiere que la interacción entre las preferencias de las familias y las barreras de entrada establecidas por las escuelas (cobros obligatorios y procesos de admisión selectivos) tienden a incrementar la segregación escolar más allá del efecto de la segregación residencial subyacente en la ciudad.