Anisotropic convection model for the earth's mantle

The paper presents a theory for modeling flow in anisotropic, viscous rock. This theory has originally been developed for the simulation of large deformation processes including the folding and kinking of multi-layered visco-elastic rock (Muhlhaus et al. [1,2]). The orientation of slip planes in the context of crystallographic slip is determined by the normal vector - the director - of these surfaces. The model is applied to simulate anisotropic mantle convection. We compare the evolution of flow patterns, Nusselt number and director orientations for isotropic and anisotropic rheologies. In the simulations we utilize two different finite element methodologies: The Lagrangian Integration Point Method Moresi et al [8] and an Eulerian formulation, which we implemented into the finite element based pde solver Fastflo (www.cmis.csiro.au/Fastflo/). The reason for utilizing two different finite element codes was firstly to study the influence of an anisotropic power law rheology which currently is not implemented into the Lagrangian Integration point scheme [8] and secondly to study the numerical performance of Eulerian (Fastflo)- and Lagrangian integration schemes [8]. It turned out that whereas in the Lagrangian method the Nusselt number vs time plot reached only a quasi steady state where the Nusselt number oscillates around a steady state value the Eulerian scheme reaches exact steady states and produces a high degree of alignment (director orientation locally orthogonal to velocity vector almost everywhere in the computational domain). In the simulations emergent anisotropy was strongest in terms of modulus contrast in the up and down-welling plumes. Mechanisms for anisotropic material behavior in the mantle dynamics context are discussed by Christensen [3]. The dominant mineral phases in the mantle generally do not exhibit strong elastic anisotropy but they still may be oriented by the convective flow. Thus viscous anisotropy (the main focus of this paper) may or may not correlate with elastic or seismic anisotropy.

Utilização de gás natural comprimido em veículos pesados de passageiros

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica

Emisora de radio interna.

La Asociación de Alumnos Madrid propone la creación de una emisora de radio que facilite la participación del alumnado. Los objetivos son: difundir información a través de la misma; actuar como punto de información del Centro Juvenil de Alcorcón y de la Delegación de Juventud y desarrollar actividades (culturales, musicales, etc.) para acercar al alumnado, de una forma práctica, al mundo de la radio. Para el desarrollo de esta experiencia se organiza un Seminario de radio (curso teórico-práctico) por iniciativa del Programa de dinamizacióon de centros de enseñanza. Este curso se estructura en una parte teórica dividida en cuatro grandes temas: funcionamiento y programación radiofónica, el guión, manejo de aparatos y la voz; y una parte práctica centrada en la radio-fórmula y radio-convencional. Aunque la propuesta del proyecto inicial (89-90) fue la creación de una emisora, la subvención recibida sólo permitió el desarrollo de un curso de radio. Éste es el motivo por el que se presenta de nuevo el mismo proyecto..

Tecnología : primer ciclo secundaria obligatoria.

Documento orientativo para el profesorado de Tecnología del primer ciclo de la ESO en el que se recoge la organización de contenidos y el desarrollo de unidades didácticas del área. En la introducción se expone qué es la tecnología, qué valor educativo tiene en el sistema escolar y en qué marco de referencia se inscribe. Seguidamente se presenta un ejemplo de programación de ciclo compuesta por diez unidades didácticas. Y a continuación y como núcleo del documento, se expone el diseño y los materiales de la unidad didáctica 1, puesta en práctica en un grupo de 28 alumnos de 7õ de EGB (futuro primer año de secundaria) del Colegio Público José Simón Cabarga de Santander de febrero a abril de 1993, con unos resultados satisfactorios. Finalmente, se exponen de manera somera los principales recursos necesarios para desarrollar la unidad.

Transcription factor NF-kappaB is transported to the nucleus via cytoplasmic dynein/dynactin motor complex in hippocampal neurons

Background Long-term changes in synaptic plasticity require gene transcription, indicating that signals generated at the synapse must be transported to the nucleus. Synaptic activation of hippocampal neurons is known to trigger retrograde transport of transcription factor NF-κB. Transcription factors of the NF-κB family are widely expressed in the nervous system and regulate expression of several genes involved in neuroplasticity, cell survival, learning and memory. Principal Findings In this study, we examine the role of the dynein/dynactin motor complex in the cellular mechanism targeting and transporting activated NF-κB to the nucleus in response to synaptic stimulation. We demonstrate that overexpression of dynamitin, which is known to dissociate dynein from microtubules, and treatment with microtubule-disrupting drugs inhibits nuclear accumulation of NF-κB p65 and reduces NF-κB-dependent transcription activity. In this line, we show that p65 is associated with components of the dynein/dynactin complex in vivo and in vitro and that the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) within NF-κB p65 is essential for this binding. Conclusion This study shows the molecular mechanism for the retrograde transport of activated NF-κB from distant synaptic sites towards the nucleus.

Insumos demográficos para el sector educacional: América Latina, población en edad escolar, edades simples y años calendarios 1980-2000 = Demographic elements for the education sector: Latin America, school-age population, single ages and calendar years 1980-2000

Publicación bilingüe (Español e inglés)

Custo-efetividade e impacto orçamentário da saxagliptina como terapia adicional à metformina para o tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 no sistema de saúde suplementar do Brasil

OBJETIVOS: Comparar custos e benefícios clínicos de três terapias adicionais à metformina (MF) para pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). MÉTODOS: Um modelo de simulação de eventos discretos foi construído para estimar a relação custo-utilidade (custo por QALY) da saxagliptina como uma terapia adicional à MF comparada à rosiglitazona ou pioglitazona. Um modelo de impacto orçamentário (BIM - Budget Impact Model) foi construído para simular o impacto econômico da adoção de saxagliptina no contexto do Sistema Suplementar de Saúde brasileiro. RESULTADOS: O custo de aquisição da medicação para o grupo de pacientes hipotéticos analisados, para o horizonte temporal de três anos, foi de R$ 10.850.185,00, R$ 14.836.265,00 e R$ 14.679.099,00 para saxagliptina, pioglitazona e rosiglitazona, respectivamente. Saxagliptina exibiu menores custos e maior efetividade em ambas as comparações, com economias projetadas para os três primeiros anos de -R$ 3.874,00 e -R$ 3.996,00, respectivamente. O BIM estimou uma economia cumulativa de R$ 417.958,00 com o reembolso da saxagliptina em três anos a partir da perspectiva de uma operadora de plano de saúde com 1 milhão de vidas cobertas. CONCLUSÃO: Da perspectiva da fonte pagadora privada, a projeção é de que o acréscimo de saxagliptina à MF poupe custos quando comparado ao acréscimo de rosiglitazona ou pioglitazona em pacientes com DMT2 que não atingiram a meta de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) com metformina em monoterapia. O BIM, para a inclusão de saxagliptina nas listas de reembolso das operadoras de planos de saúde, indicou uma economia significativa para o horizonte de 3 anos.

Die Ernährung der Pflanze

Von Carl Doench

Discurso pronunciado por el Excmo. Sr. D. Rafael Portaencasa Baeza, Rector Magnífico de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, en el acto conmemorativo de las Bodas de Plata de la promoción "Princesa Sofía", de la Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Telecomunicación

Discurso ofrecido por D. Rafael Portaencasa en el acto conmemorativo de las Bodas de Plata de la Promoción "Princesa Sofía", de la Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Telecomunicación. En sus palabras, el Rector agradece el mecenazgo que en su día ofreció la Princesa Sofía a una promoción de estudiantes de la Escuela Técnica de Telecomunicación y repasa los logros que se han alcanzado desde entonces.

Auctioning versus grandfathering in cap-and-trade systems with market power and incomplete information

We compare auctioning and grandfathering as allocation mechanisms of emission permits when there is a secondary market with market power and firms have private information on their own abatement technologies. Based on real-life cases such as the EU ETS, we consider a multi-unit, multi-bid uniform auction. At the auction, each firm anticipates its role in the secondary market, either as a leader or a follower. This role affects each firms’ valuation of the permits (which are not common across firms) as well as their bidding strategies and it precludes the auction from generating a cost-effective allocation of permits, as it occurs in simpler auction models. Auctioning tends to be more cost-effective than grandfathering when the firms’ abatement cost functions are sufficiently different from one another, especially if the follower has lower abatement costs than the leader and the dispersion of the marginal costs is large enough.