Actualización perfil de mercado de la Unión Europea

El Proyecto Actualización perfil de mercado unión europea, abarca el estudio de los perfiles de mercado de los 28 países (tras la adición de Croacia el 1 de julio del 2013) miembros de la unión europea (EU), que permita desarrollar una guía de análisis de mercado, por producto y por demanda; ayudando a empresarios colombianos e investigadores de mercados a mejorar la toma de decisiones dentro del intercambio comercial bilateral y crear un valor agregado y mayor desarrollo en la industria. Los empresarios colombianos, independientemente de su tamaño (grandes o PYMES) se pueden valer de la información recogida para evaluar su situación actual y la de los países miembros de la UE y formular estrategias de re-diseño o de incursión de mercado, haciendo posible identificar si sus decisiones son correctas y en caso contrario identificar soluciones y posibles cambios. A raíz del aumento de las relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y los diferentes bloques comerciales, es de vital importancia crear herramientas que aumenten las posibilidades de éxito a los empresarios nacionales y mejoren la relación entre ambas partes; en muchos casos los exportadores colombianos cuentan con bastante información acerca de los procesos necesarios para realizar una exportación e inclusive de cuales países son probablemente los más adecuados para llevar el producto; pero no tienen información detallada, por país, región, producto, y el comportamiento comercial de cada uno; objetivo final es eliminar esa incertidumbre y generar un mayor número de procesos de exportación exitosos y sostenibles.

Comprehensive Review of the Radiography Workforce (PDF 382 KB)

Report of the Project Group

Investigation of Two Bridge Alternatives for Low Volume Roads, Volume 1 of 2 Concept 1: Precast Steel Beam Units, HR-382, 1997

Recent reports have indicated that 23.5% of the nation's highway bridges are structurally deficient and 17.7% are functionally obsolete. A significant number of these bridges are on the Iowa secondary road system where over 86% of the rural bridge management responsibilities are assigned to the counties. Some of the bridges can be strengthened or otherwise rehabilitated, but many more are in need of immediate replacement. In a recent investigation (HR-365 "Evaluation of Bridge Replacement Alternatives for the County Bridge System") several types of replacement bridges that are currently being used on low volume roads were identified. It was also determined that a large number of counties (69%) have the ability and are interested in utilizing their own forces to design and construct short span bridges. In reviewing the results from HR-365, the research team developed one "new" bridge replacement concept and a modification of a replacement system currently being used. Both of these bridge replacement alternatives were investigated in this study, the results of which are presented in two volumes. This volume (Volume 1) presents the results of Concept 1 - Steel Beam Precast Units. Concept 2 - Modification of the Beam-in-Slab Bridge is presented in Volume 2. Concept 1, involves the fabrication of precast units (two steel beams connected by a concrete slab) by county work forces. Deck thickness is limited so that the units can be fabricated at one site and then transported to the bridge site where they are connected and the remaining portion of the deck placed. Since Concept 1 bridge is primarily intended for use on low-volume roads, the precast units can be constructed with new or used beams. In the experimental part of the investigation, there were three types of static load tests: small scale connector tests, "handling strength" tests, and service and overload tests of a model bridge. Three finite element models for analyzing the bridge in various states of construction were also developed. Small scale connector tests were completed to determine the best method of connecting the precast double-T (PCDT) units. "Handling strength" tests on an individual PCDT unit were performed to determine the strength and behavior of the precast unit in this configuration. The majority of the testing was completed on the model bridge [L=9,750 mm (32 ft), W=6,400 mm (21 ft)] which was fabricated using the precast units developed. Some of the variables investigated in the model bridge tests were number of connectors required to connect adjacent precast units, contribution of diaphragms to load distribution, influence of position of diaphragms on bridge strength and load distribution, and effect of cast-in-place portion of deck on load distribution. In addition to the service load tests, the bridge was also subjected to overload conditions. Using the finite element models developed, one can predict the behavior and strength of bridges similar to the laboratory model as well as design them. Concept 1 has successfully passed all laboratory testing; the next step is to field test it.

Investigation of Two Bridge Alternatives for Low Volume Roads Volume 2 of 2 Concept 2: Beam In Slab Bridge, HR-382, 1997

Recent reports have indicated that 23.5% of the nation's highway bridges are structurally deficient and 17.7% are functionally obsolete. A significant number of these bridges are on the Iowa secondary road system where over 86% of the rural bridge management responsibilities are assigned to the counties. Some of the bridges can be strengthened or otherwise rehabilitated, but many more are in need of immediate replacement. In a recent investigation (HR-365 "Evaluation of Bridge Replacement Alternatives for the County Bridge System") several types of replacement bridges that are currently being used on low volume roads were identified. It was also determined that a large number of counties (69%) have the ability and are interested in utilizing their own forces to design and construct short span bridges. After reviewing the results from HR-365, the research team developed one "new" bridge replacement concept and a modification of a replacement system currently being used. Both of these bridge replacement alternatives were investigated in this study, the results of which are presented in two volumes. This volume (Volume 2) presents the results of Concept 2 - Modification of the Beam-in-Slab Bridge. Concept 1 - Steel Beam Precast Units is presented in Volume 1. Concept 2 involves various laboratory tests of the Beam-in-Slab bridge (BISB) currently being used by Benton County and several other Iowa counties. In this investigation, the behavior and strength of the BISB were determined; a new method of obtaining composite action between the steel beams and concrete was also tested. Since the Concept 2 bridge is primarily intended for use on low-volume roads, the system can be constructed with new or used beams. In the experimental part of the investigation, there were three types of laboratory tests: push-out tests, service and ultimate load tests of models of the BISB, and composite beam tests utilizing the newly developed shear connection. In addition to the laboratory tests, there was a field test in which an existing BISB was service load tested. An equation was developed for predicting the strength of the shear connection investigated; in addition, a finite element model for analyzing the BISB was also developed. Push-out tests were completed to determine the strength of the recently developed shear connector. A total of 36 specimens were tested, with variables such as hole diameter, hole spacing, presence of reinforcement, etc. being investigated. In the model tests of the BISB, two and four beam specimens [L=9,140 mm (30 ft)] were service load tested for behavior and load distribution data. Upon completion of these tests, both specimens were loaded to failure. In the composite beam tests, four beams, one with standard shear studs and three using the shear connection developed, were tested. Upon completion of the service load tests, all four beams were loaded to failure. The strength and behavior of the beams with the new shear connection were found to be essentially the same as that of the specimen with standard shear studs.

Comunidade arbórea de uma floresta estacional decídua sobre afloramento calcário na Bacia do rio Paraná

A bacia do rio Paraná (GO e TO), com 5.940.382 ha, tem alta diversidade de fitofisionomias, com sua flora pouco conhecida. As atividades de extração de madeira e implantação de pastagem contribuíram decisivamente para a remoção da vegetação. Este estudo foi conduzido em uma floresta estacional decídua sobre afloramento calcário (aproximadamente 13º41'16"S e 46º44'20"W e 462 m de altitude) - fazenda Canadá (São Domingos-GO). Foram demarcadas cinco linhas paralelas, a intervalos de 100 m, onde foram distribuídas aleatoriamente 25 parcelas de 20 x 20 m (total de 1 ha). Em cada parcela foram amostradas todas as árvores com diâmetro do caule a 1,3 m de altura do solo (DAP) > 5 cm, nos quais foi medido o DAP, estimada a altura máxima e identificada a espécie. Foram amostrados 924 indivíduos de 48 espécies, 38 gêneros e 24 famílias e obtidos o índice de Shannon-Wienner de 2,99 nats/ind. e a equabilidade de 0,77. As espécies que apresentaram maior valor de importância (VI) foram Myracrodruon urundeuva (36,09), Pseudobombax tomentosum (34,75), Dilodendron bipinnatum (26,61), Combretum duarteanum (22,19), Jacaranda brasiliana (21,57), Commiphora leptophloeos (19,18), Astronium fraxinifolium (13,84), Tabebuia impetiginosa (13,79), Pseudobombax longiflorum (11,64) e Machaerium scleroxylon (10,00), que juntas somaram 69,9% do VI total. A diversidade foi próxima à encontrada em outros trabalhos em floresta estacional decídua sobre solo e afloramento na região.

Composição e estrutura da comunidade arbórea de uma floresta estacional decidual sobre afloramento calcário no Brasil central

A bacia do rio Paraná, localizada entre os Estados de Goiás e Tocantins, com 5.940.382 ha, apresenta alta diversidade de fitofisionomias, incluindo a floresta estacional decidual sobre afloramento calcário, que ainda não foi estudada nesta região. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o levantamento quantitativo em uma floresta estacional decidual sobre afloramento calcário (13º31'11" S e 46º29'48" W; 530 m de altitude) na fazenda São Vicente, São Domingos-GO. Para o levantamento foram demarcadas cinco linhas, a intervalos de 100 m, onde foram distribuídas, aleatoriamente, 25 parcelas de 20 x 20 m. Em cada parcela foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) igual ou maior que 5 cm, onde foram medidos o DAP e a altura e anotado o nome da espécie. Foram amostrados 896 indivíduos, sendo 860 vivos e 36 mortos, em 51 espécies, 41 gêneros e 25 famílias, com índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wienner de 3,18 e equabilidade de 0,81. As principais espécies em valor de importância (VI), não incluindo a categoria de indivíduos mortos, foram Pseudobombax tomentosum (36,39), Dilodendron bipinnatum (31,55), Tabebuia impetiginosa (26,66), Combretum duarteanum (18,38), Luehea divaricata (12,76), Cavanillesia arborea (12,52), Myracrodruon urundeuva (12,23), Chorisia pubiflora (12,21) e Acacia glomerosa (10,11), que juntas somaram 57,60% do VI total. A diversidade foi maior que a encontrada em outras áreas de afloramento na região.

Efeito de concentrações de herbicidas sobre aspectos biológicos de Fusarium sp. (isolado FCAV#940)

O fungo Fusarium sp. (isolado FCAV#940) tem potencial de controle biológico das macrófitas aquáticas, Egeria najas e Egeria densa, plantas que causam prejuízos de diferentes naturezas em ambientes lacustres. Com o objetivo de avaliar a associação desse fungo com o controle químico, visando otimizar o controle, foi avaliado o efeito de concentrações de herbicidas sobre o crescimento micelial, esporulação e germinação de macroconídios de Fusarium sp. (isolado FCAV#940). As doses utilizadas para o cálculo das concentrações dos herbicidas foram: ½, 1,0 e 2,0 X a dose recomendada pelo fabricante. Por se tratar de macrófitas aquáticas submersas, foi considerada uma concentração de volume diluído, ou seja, a utilização da dose desejada, porém diluída em uma lâmina d'água de 15 cm. Os herbicidas e as concentrações de i.a. avaliadas foram: triclopyr a 6,0, 3,0 e 1,5 mg L-1; glyphosate a 6,87, 3,44 e 1,72 mg L-1; 2,4-D a 8,54, 4,27 e 2,14 mg L-1 ; diquat a 2,0, 1,0 e 0,5 mg L-1 ; fluridone a 200, 100 e 50 µg L-1 ; e a testemunha (BDA). Os herbicidas e as concentrações testadas não apresentaram efeito inibitório no crescimento micelial, na esporulação e na germinação dos macroconídios do fungo.

Français 940

Contient : 1° La Somme des vices et des vertus [par Frère LAURENT] ; 2° « Moralitez des philosophes » ; 3° Sermon ; 4° Exhortation à l'amour de Dieu ; 5° « Ung petit Traictié faisant mencion du sacrement de l'autel et des biens qu il fait à ceulx qui en vraye foy et sans peché mortel le reçoivent » ; 6° « Comment l'en se doibt avoir durant le temps que l'en ot la messe » ; 7° Des Conditions du vrai religieux ; 8° Traité de l'amour divin ; 9° Des trois États de l'âme chrétienne ; 10° Traité de la crainte de Dieu ; 11° La Contemplation de Dieu

Les diplômés – no 382, hiver 1994

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