60瓦半导体激光器光纤耦合器件

应用光纤列阵耦合方式，对大功率半导体激光器线列阵输出光束的快轴方向用一根柱透镜准直，准直后的光速耦合到光纤列阵中，实现出纤功率为60瓦的大功率半导体激光二极管线列阵光纤耦合效率大于80％，光纤的数值孔径NA为0.11。

Archimedes, aid/watch, constitutional levers and where we now stand

Archimedes is reported as famously saying: 'Give me a place to stand and I will move the earth.' He was referring to the power of levers. His point was that a person of ordinary capacity with a place to stand, a fulcrum and a level could change the path of planets. This principle of physics is a metaphor for how the common law has moved over the last millennium. Courts have found a stable foundation on which to stand, such as the constitutional bedrock or well-grounded precedent, and, using cases as fulcrums and legal principles as levers, the have moved the law. Australia is at a critical juncture in the development of the law of charities. The High Court of Australia has held that political purposes can be charitable in certain circumstances. The Parliament of Australia has not only enshrined this in a statutory definition of charity but has done so with a preamble to the legislation which affirms the basis for this development in residing in the 'unique nature and diversity of charities and the distinctive and important role that they play in Australia'.

Efecto del manejo selectivo de malezas y coberturas sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cafe (Coffea arabica L.) despues del recepo

La influencia del manejo selectivo de malezas y coberturas sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del café (Coffea arabica L.) después del recepo, fue evaluado desde febrero del 2000 a diciembre del 2001. El ensayo fue establecido en el Centro Experimental del Café del Pacífico conocido como Jardín Botánico, Masatepe, Masaya. Debido a que las plantas de café presentaron un excesivo crecimiento muy por arriba de lo normal, además del agotamiento producto de las seis cosechas de café uva realizadas durante los años 1994-1999, fue la causa de la recepa de las plantas a una altura de 40 cm por arriba de la superficie del suelo. Se estableció un diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA) y se utilizó la variedad de café pacas. Los tratamientos consistieron en la erradicación total de las malezas con uso de machete y herbicidas (A), Manejo selectivo de malezas y coberturas con machete y herbicidas (B), Manejo selectivo de malezas y coberturas con machete, herbicidas y Arachis pintoiKrap & Greg (C), Manejo selectivo de malezas y coberturas con machete (D), Manejo selectivo de malezas y coberturas con machete y Arachis pintoi Krap & Greg (E). Las variables evaluadas fueron: Biomasa de malezas (g /m2) y su contenido de N, P y K, altura de plantas (cm), diámetro del tallo (mm), número de ramas primarias, número de nudos totales por rama, número de nudos productivos por rama, número de frutos totales por rama y rendimiento (grano oro en kg/ha). La biomasa de malezas y contenido de nutrientes se analizaron cualitativamente a través de tablas y figuras, interpretando su tendencia, cambios y asociaciones en el tiempo. Las variables de crecimiento y rendimiento se analizaron cuantitativamente por medio de ANDEVA al y comparación de medias a través de contrastes ortogonales. Se realizaron transformaciones en las variables discontinuas para mejorar la normalidad de los datos. En el manejo selectivo de malezas y coberturas con machete y Arachis pintoiKrap & Greg (E) se encontró una mayor cantidad de biomasa de las malezas nobles (175.50 g/m2) retornando al sistema suelo 5.0 kg de N, 0.61 kg de P y 6.3 kg de K por ha al final de la época lluviosa. El tratamiento selectivo mecánico-químico y Arachis pintoi Krap & Greg (C) presentó el mayor número de ramas con 37.60, y el mayor rendimiento con 486.51 grano oro en kg/ha, superando al manejo convencional (A) con 33.83 ramas y 364.57 grano oro en kg/ha. No se encontró diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos con respecto a las variables altura de plantas, diámetro de tallo, número de nudos por bandola, nudos productivos y rendimiento.

Watermasses, currents and tides at the Sofala Bank, November 1987

The southern part of the Sofala Bank (in Mozambique) was investigated. A net of closely spaced hydrographic stations were obtained and a current meter mooring consisting of two current meters and a bottom pressure recorder was deployed. High salinity shelf water was observed near shore with a maximum salinity above 36.6 ppt. Both average and tidal currents are discussed. The mean currents are steered by the continental slop and seem to be influenced by the wind. The tides have strong semidiurnal components, with a major axis of 53 cm/s perpendicular to the coast at 60m depth. The possibility that the tides may transport passive drifters with a diurnal vertical migration pattern up to a few kilometers a day is considered.

小兴安岭红皮云杉生长规律的研究 红皮云杉生长与光的关系及生长力旱——晚期相关

本文研究了小兴安岭红皮云杉天然林中幼苗、幼树的高生长与光照的关系，以红皮云杉幼苗、幼树到四个象限最近上层林木的距离与各自个体树高的比值之和，定义为开敞度，从而定量地分析了开敞度与相对光强和幼苗、幼树近三年高生长的关系。结果表明，开敞度与相对光强之间存在着极显著的线性关系，可用其作为林下幼苗、幼树光照条件的指标；年龄小于13龄的幼苗、幼树的近三年高生长与开敞度关系不显著，而13龄以上的幼苗、幼树的近三年高生长与开敞度之间存在着极显著的线性关系。要使小兴安岭天然林中的红皮云杉幼苗、幼树正常生长，必须使其开敞度保持在1.47以上，即要使红皮云杉幼苗、幼树与上层林木的平均距离大于这些上层林木平均树高的37%。本文在对红皮云杉树干解析资料分析的基础上，研究了红皮杉天然林和人工林生长力的早-晚期相关关系，发现天然林早期各龄阶与60年，人工林早期各龄阶与20年的生长力相关十分明显，树高和材积的总生长量可作为旱期造反的指标，通过早期造反效率的计算，确定天然林和人工林的“可靠选择年龄”分别为15年和4年。

青藏高原金露梅灌丛与矮嵩草草甸枯枝落叶的分解作用

研究青藏高原金露梅灌丛和矮嵩草草甸两种植被类型枯枝落叶分解作用强度及其随着埋放时间延长的变化规律。结果表明, 两种植被的枯枝落叶在埋放的前3 个月均显示出明显的分解效果。其总分解率分别达到20. 31%和30. 4% , 随后分解率逐渐降低, 埋放后5 个月的总分解率仅为前3 个月的37. 60% 和39. 33%。矮嵩草草甸枯枝落叶的分解率显著高于金露梅灌丛。土壤温度、微生物数量和枯枝落叶本身的化学成分是影响分解率的主要因素。与其相比, 动物粪便的分解率很低。

Scaling limits of a model for selection at two scales

The dynamics of a population undergoing selection is a central topic in evolutionary biology. This question is particularly intriguing in the case where selective forces act in opposing directions at two population scales. For example, a fast-replicating virus strain outcompetes slower-replicating strains at the within-host scale. However, if the fast-replicating strain causes host morbidity and is less frequently transmitted, it can be outcompeted by slower-replicating strains at the between-host scale. Here we consider a stochastic ball-and-urn process which models this type of phenomenon. We prove the weak convergence of this process under two natural scalings. The first scaling leads to a deterministic nonlinear integro-partial differential equation on the interval $[0,1]$ with dependence on a single parameter, $\lambda$. We show that the fixed points of this differential equation are Beta distributions and that their stability depends on $\lambda$ and the behavior of the initial data around $1$. The second scaling leads to a measure-valued Fleming-Viot process, an infinite dimensional stochastic process that is frequently associated with a population genetics.

Predictors of attitudes toward inclusion of students with special educational needs in future education professionals

One of the main pillars in the development of inclusive schools is the initial teacher training. Before determining if it is necessary to make changes (and of what type) in training programs or curriculum guides related to the attention to diversity and inclusive education, the attitudes of future education professionals in this area should be analyzed. This includes the identification of the relevant predictors of inclusive attitudes. The research reported in this article pursued this objective, doing so with a quantitative survey methodology based on the use of cross-sectional structured data collection and statistical analyses related to the quality of the attitude questionnaire (factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha), descriptive statistics, correlations, hypothesis tests for difference of means, and regression analysis in order to predict attitudes towards inclusion in education. Firstly, the results show that the participants held very positive attitudes toward the inclusion of students with special educational needs. Particularly, older respondents, those with a longer training and, to a lesser extent, women and those who had been in touch with disabled people stood out within this attitude. Secondly, it is evidenced that self-transcendence values ​and, more weakly, contact, function as robust predictors of attitudes of future practitioners towards the inclusion of students with special needs. Some applications for the initial professionalization of educators are suggested in the discussion.

Reflexive learning in pre-service training of primary school teachers: from experience to assimilation of contents

This article presents an educational experiment carried out in the Primary School Teaching Degree at the University of Barcelona. Specifically, the article analyses the application of the “Work Corners” approach in a core subject. In a three-year action research process, trainers put into practice an innovation which enabled them to boost cooperative work and reflexive learning among trainees. Firstly, the theoretical model underpinning the project and guiding many of the actions carried out by the training team is presented. After providing detailed information on the practical development of the experiment, the data-gathering process and its results are shown. Various information-gathering strategies were used in assessing the project, such as a questionnaire, participant observation, and teachers’ diaries. The results demonstrate, amongst other things, that “work corners” offer viable and appropriate educational conditions for the articulation of theoretical and practical knowledge, for building professional knowledge, and therefore, the beginnings of a reflexive teaching practice.

Modulation du cytochrome P450 dans un modèle murin d'insuffisance rénale chronique

Introduction : Les modèles murins sont grandement utilisés dans l’étude des maladies rénales et des pathologies associées. La concentration de la créatinine sérique est un bon indicateur de la filtration glomérulaire et en présence d’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC), les concentrations de créatinine sérique (et la clairance) reflètent la sévérité de l’IRC. De plus, il a été démontré que l’IRC modifie le métabolisme des médicaments en diminuant l’activité et l’expression des enzymes hépatiques du cytochrome P450 (CYP450). Afin d’étudier la modulation du P450 par l’IRC avec un modèle murin et de confirmer nos résultats chez le rat, nous devons 1) développer un modèle d’IRC chez la souris, 2) mettre au point une technique de dosage des marqueurs de l’IRC et, 3) évaluer l’expression protéique du CYP450 en présence IRC. Matériel et Méthode : Trois modèles chirurgicaux d’IRC chez la souris ont été développés. Une méthode du dosage de la créatinine par chromatographie liquide à haute performance (CLHP) a été mise au point chez la souris et l’expression protéique du P450 a été mesurée par immunobuvardage de type Western. Résultats : Plusieurs paramètres de CLHP comme le pH, la concentration et le débit de la phase mobile modifient le pic d’élution et le temps de rétention de la créatinine. Concernant le modèle expérimental, on observe une perte de poids et une augmentation de la concentration plasmatique de la créatinine chez les souris avec une IRC. De plus, l’expression protéique de plusieurs isoformes du cytochrome P450 est modulée par l’IRC. Nous observons une diminution du CYP 2D de 42% (p < 0,01), du CYP 3A11 de 60% et du CYP 1A de 37% (p <0,01) par rapport aux souris témoins. On ne dénote aucun changement significatif au niveau de l’isoforme 2E1. Conclusion : Il est possible d’induire une insuffisance rénale chronique chez la souris suite à une néphrectomie. La technique de dosage de la créatinine par CLHP est précise et exacte et permet de caractériser la sévérité de l’IRC chez la souris. L’expression protéique du CYP450 est régulée à la baisse dans le foie des souris atteintes d’IRC.