Programa de prevenció i abordatge de les situacions de conflicte juvenil. 'Programa de prevención y abordaje de las situaciones de conflicto juvenil'.

Este Programa, que desde la Dirección General de Menores se ha decidido poner al alcance de todos los profesionales interesados en la problemática del conflicto social y juvenil, es el fruto de una tarea comunitaria y motivadora que iniciaron en 1999 muchas instituciones y profesionales interesados en el conflicto social. El conflicto juvenil es un hecho que tradicionalmente ha preocupado a las instituciones y a la sociedad en general. La búsqueda de fórmulas integradoras que facilitan la incorporación social de los jóvenes ha sido importante pero, hasta ahora, las respuestas tenían un carácter parcial y aislado. Actualmente se producen cambios sociales que afectan la organización de sus pilares fundamentales, es decir, la institución escolar, la estructura familiar, el contexto social, etc, por lo que la preocupación por el conflicto ha aumentado y se hace necesario buscar alternativas innovadoras. Se trata de iniciar un trabajo que proporcione a los jóvenes aspectos formativos y referentes favorecedores de un desarrollo social armónico pero, a la vez, también se debe fomentar una mayor permeabilidad de la sociedad ante las necesidades y demandas que estos puedan presentar. El volumen presenta las bases teóricas y la contextualización del programa, la metodología de elaboración, las características generales, objetivos, organización y estructura de intervención. Finalmente se realiza una evaluación del programa y se recogen las fichas de evaluación vinculadas, entre las que destaca el itinerario educativo individualizado.

Factores sociales que influyen en la delincuencia juvenil

En Colombia ha aumentado progresivamente el número de menores dedicados a delinquir, y Bogotá es una de las ciudades en donde más se aprecia esta situación, que lleva consigo un problema social y de salud pública.

U v U [2002] HCA 36: Commentary

This commentary offers a feminist analysis of relocation cases through the lens of U v U [2002] HCA 36, and with reference to the re-written judgment for the Australian Feminist Judgments project. First, the commentary considers the gendered nature of relocation cases, and analyses aspects of the reasoning and outcome of U v U that are of concern from a feminist perspective. Second, the commentary discusses how the re-written judgment addresses these concerns, thereby offering a feminist judgment on the issue of relocation in family law.

Evaluación de dos tipos de fertilizantes orgánico (gallinaza y estiércol vacuno) y un mineral en el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) variedad DOR-364, postrera 2001

El presente trabajo fue realizado en el departamento de Carazo municipio de San Marcos en El Centro Experimental La Compañía, ubicado en el km 45 de la carretera San Marcos-Masatepe, durante la época lluviosa de postrera del año 2001. Los suelos de esta zona son de origen volcánico (Andisol), pertenecen a la serie Masatepe, con textura franco limosa, presentando alto contenido de materia orgánica, nitrógeno y potasio, pero deficiente en fósforo. Este suelo puede ser considerado adecuado para la mayoría de los cultivos. En La Compañía las precipitaciones varían entre 1200 y 1500 mm/año. El propósito del experimento fue evaluar la respuesta del cultivo frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) a tres fuentes de fertilizantes (gallinaza, estiércol vacuno y mineral) sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo. Se empleó un arreglo unifactorial en diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA), definiendo siete tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Cada unidad experimental estuvo conformada por un área de 20 m2. La variedad en estudio fue la DOR – 364. Los tratamientos consistieron en dosis media y alta de cada material fertilizante. La dosis media se calculó basado en los requerimientos del cultivo por hectárea. La dosis media y alta usadas del fertilizante orgánico gallinaza fueron 3181 kg ha-1 y 6362 kg ha-1 respectivamente, para el estiércol vacuno (5286 kg ha-1 como dosis alta y 2643 kg ha-1 como dosis media). La fórmula empleada como fertilizante mineral fue la 18-46-00 con aplicaciones media de 130 kg ha-1, según recomendaciones del Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), y 260 kg ha-1. Las dosis alta se seleccionaron a discreción considerando el doble de las media. Las variables evaluadas se dividieron en dos categorías: variables de crecimiento como altura de planta (cm), número de hojas, área foliar (cm2) y altura de inserción de la primera vaina (cm), y las variables del rendimiento constituidas por número de vainas por planta, número de granos por vaina, número de ramas por planta, peso de cien granos (g) y rendimiento de grano (kg ha-1). Los datos provenientes del experimento se procesaron usando análisis de varianza ANDEVA, considerando además la prueba de rangos múltiple de Tukey (P≤0.05) mediante el programa estadístico (MINITAB, 1998). El análisis de presupuesto parcial (CIMMYT, 1988) fue aplicado para estimar la viabilidad económica financiera de los tratamientos. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron una respuesta significativa diferente a la aplicación de las fuentes de fertilizante, resultando estadísticamente iguales la fertilización mineral y gallinaza en dosis alta, superando a todos los tratamientos con rendimientos promedios de 2823.27 kg ha1 y 2712.82 kg ha-1 respectivamente, seguido por los tratamientos estiércol vacuno alto con rendimiento de 2528.47 kg ha-1 y gallinaza media con 2505.58 kg ha-1 en una segunda categoría estadística. En cuanto al comportamiento vegetativo, los resultados indican que estadísticamente existe significancia al evaluar el promedio de hojas a los 15, 29 y 36 días después de la siembra y promedio de área foliar a los 15, 36 y 43 días después de la siembra. La variable altura de planta os tentó los mayores promedios con los tratamientos gallinaza alta y fertilizante mineral dosis alta en una misma categoría estadística únicamente a los 36 días después de la siembra. El análisis económico muestra que el tratamiento con fertilización orgánico gallinaza con dosis media obtuvo los mayor es beneficios económicos con U$ 4.76 por cada dólar invertido, sin embargo, agronómicamente los mayores rendimientos se producen con la fertilización mineral dosis alta.

Maternal feeding practices and feeding behaviors of Australian children aged 12 to 36 months

Objectives To explore parents' perceptions of the eating behaviors and related feeding practices of their young children. Methods Mothers (N=740) of children aged 12 to 36 months and born in South Australia were randomly selected by birth date in four 6-month age bands from a centralized statewide database and invited to complete a postal questionnaire. Results Valid completed questionnaires were returned for 374 children (51% response rate; 54% female). Although mothers generally reported being confident and happy in feeding their children, 23% often worried that they gave their child the right amount of food. Based on a checklist of 36 specified items, 15% of children consumed no vegetables in the previous 24 hours, 11% no fruit and for a further 8% juice was the only fruit. Of 12 specified high fat/sugar foods and drinks, 11% of children consumed none, 20% one, 26% two, and 43% three or more. Six of eight child-feeding practices that promote healthy eating behaviors were undertaken by 75% parents 'often' or 'all of the time'. However, 8 of 11 practices that do not promote healthy eating were undertaken by a third of mothers at least ‘sometimes’. Conclusions In this representative sample, dietary quality issues emerge early and inappropriate feeding practices are prevalent thus identifying the need for very early interventions that promote healthy food preferences and positive feeding practices. Such programs should focus not just on the 'what', but also the 'how' of early feeding, including the feeding relationship and processes appropriate to developmental stage. Key words: Maternal feeding practices, infants, obesity

Infertility resolved with or without fertility treatment in Australian women aged 31-36 years: A prospective, population-based study [abstract]

Birth outcomes during a three year period were compared for women with a history of infertility who did or did not use fertility treatment with hormones and/or in vitro fertilisation. Participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health born in 1973-78 were randomly selected from the universal public health insurance database and completed up to five mailed surveys (1996-2009). Participants reported on their infertility and use of treatment at age 28-33 years (survey 4 (S4) in 2006) and 31-36 years (survey 5 (S5) in 2009). The odds of resolved infertility at S5 were estimated using logistic regression with adjustment for age, area of residence, private health insurance and male infertility. Among 7280 women who responded to both S4 and S5, 18.6% (n=1378) reported infertility. More than half (n=804, 56.8%) of these women did not use treatment and 43.9% (n=347) gave birth between S4 and S5. Compared to infertile women who did not use treatment, women who used treatment were more likely at S5 to have recently given birth (odds ratio (OR) = 1.59, 95% CI 1.26-2.00) or be pregnant (OR = 1.77, 1.27-2.46). Further, women who used treatment were more likely to have twins (3.37, 1.18-9.62), premature births (1.52, 0.95-2.43), or low birthweight babies (1.83, 0.70-2.53) compared to women who gave birth without using treatment. Many women aged up to 36 years with a history of infertility can conceive naturally over a three year period without the use of treatment.Women who have never had a prior birth may need to use treatment to resolve their infertility but they are at higher risk of poorer perinatal outcomes, such as premature or low birthweight babies.

Birth outcomes after spontaneous or assisted conception among infertile Australian women aged 28 to 36 years: A prospective, population-based study

Objective To examine the extent to which the odds of birth, pregnancy, or adverse birth outcomes are higher among women aged 28 to 36 years who use fertility treatment compared with untreated women. Design Prospective, population-based. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) Participants in the ALSWH born in 1973 to 1978 who reported on their infertility and use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) or ovulation induction (OI). Intervention(s) Postal survey questionnaires administered as part of ALSWH. Main Outcome Measure(s) Among women treated with IVF or OI and untreated women, the odds of birth outcomes estimated by use of adjusted logistic regression modeling. Result(s) Among 7,280 women, 18.6% (n = 1,376) reported infertility. Half (53.0%) of the treated women gave birth compared with 43.8% of untreated women. Women with prior parity were less likely to use IVF compared with nulliparous women. Women using IVF or OI, respectively, were more likely to have given birth after treatment or be pregnant compared with untreated women. Women using IVF or OI were as likely to have ectopic pregnancies, stillbirths, or premature or low birthweight babies as untreated women. Conclusion(s) More than 40% of women aged 28–36 years reporting a history of infertility can achieve births without using treatment, indicating they are subfertile rather than infertile.

36 million language pairs

This article provides an overview on some of the key aspects that relate to the co-evolution of languages and its associated content in the Internet environment. A focus on such a co-evolution is pertinent as the evolution of languages in the Internet environment can be better understood if the development of its existing and emerging content, that is, the content in the respective language, is taken into consideration. By doing so, this article examines two related aspects: the governance of languages at critical sites of the Internet environment, including ICANN, Wikipedia and Google Translate. Following on from this examination, the second part outlines how the co-evolution of languages and associated content in the Internet environment extends policy-making related to linguistic pluralism. It is argued that policies which centre on language availability in the Internet environment must shift their focus to the dynamics of available content instead. The notion of language pairs as a new regime of intersection for both languages and content is discussed to introduce an extended understanding of the uses of linguistic pluralism in the Internet environment. The ultimate extrapolation of such an enhanced approach, it is argued, centres less on 6,000 languages but, instead, on 36 million language pairs. This article describes how such a powerful resource evolves in the Internet environment.

Graphene-like nano-sheets/36° LiTaO3 surface acoustic wave hydrogen gas sensor

Presented is the material and gas sensing properties of graphene-like nano-sheets deposited on 36° YX lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) surface acoustic wave (SAW) transducers. The graphene-like nano-sheets were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy(AFM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The graphenelike nano-sheet/SAW sensors were exposed to different concentrations of hydrogen (H2) gas in a synthetic air at room temperature. The developed sensors exhibit good sensitivity towards low concentrations of H2 in ambient conditions, as well as excellent dynamic performance towards H2 at room temperature.

Reversibility of liver failure secondary to metastatic breast cancer by vinorelbine and cisplatin chemotherapy

Purpose: The development of liver metastases from breast cancer is associated with a very poor prognosis, estimated at 4 months median survival. Since treatment with many chemotherapeutic agents is relatively contraindicated, we assessed the safety, tolerability and potential efficacy of combination chemotherapy with vinorelbine and cisplatin (ViP). Method: Pilot study in 11 patients with histologically confirmed breast carcinoma, radiological evidence of liver metastases and serum bilirubin greater than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal. Patients received up to six cycles of cisplatin (75 mg/m 2) every 21 days and vinorelbine (20 mg/m 2) on days 1 and 8 of every 21-day cycle. Measurement of liver lesions was performed on CT scan every 8 weeks into treatment. Results: The most frequently reported adverse event was myelosuppression. Other adverse effects included nausea, vomiting and mild neurotoxicity. Two patients died after one treatment with ViP, one of whom suffered an intracerebral haemorrhage that was possibly treatment-related. Improvement in liver function tests was observed in 10 patients, and mean time to normalization of bilirubin levels was 36 days. Partial responses were documented radiologically in 7 out of 11 patients treated. Median overall survival from trial entry was 6.5 months (range 11-364 days), with one patient alive 13 months from trial entry. Conclusion: Normalization of liver function is possible with ViP treatment of metastatic breast cancer, offering the potential to prolong survival. Phase II clinical trials of this regimen in this patient group should include measurement of quality of life in order to assess risk versus benefit.