Estudio de mercado para la comercialización de encurtidos y mermeladas en el distrito II, Managua, 2013-2014

Nicaragua se dedica a la producción y exportación de materia prima de calidad, por lo que surge la oportunidad de transformar y dar valor agregado a la misma. La presente investigación se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de valorar el potencial de mercado para la comercialización de encurtidos y mermeladas en el distrito II del municipio de Managua, 2013-2014 considerando como variable: demanda, oferta, margen de comercialización, balance oferta-demanda y canales de comercialización. La investigación realizada es cuantitativa no experimental de tipo descriptivo por que no se manipularon las variables para identificar y recolectar datos necesarios para sustentar si existe o no mercados potenciales en la comercialización de encurtidos y mermeladas en el distrito II del municipio de Managua, con el análisis de los datos a través de las encuestas que se realizó a consumidores y distribuidores de siete barrios seleccionados como objeto de estudio, se identificó que existe una demanda insatisfecha y un alto potencial de mercado debido a que el 66.34% de los consumidores compra encurtidos de vegetales y el 61.46% consume mermeladas pero ningún distribuidor ofrece esta clase de productos por lo que los consumidores se tienen que movilizar a los supermercados y mercados cercanos para obtener los mismos, habiendo una gran oportunidad para la comercialización de encurtidos y mermeladas en el sector de la localidad. Según las proyecciones realizadas las presentaciones con mayor demanda por los consumidores de encurtidos son la de 113.52 y 340.56 gramos y en mermeladas las presentaciones de 113.52 y 227.04 gramos. En cuanto a la canales de comercialización de productos similares a los encurtidos y mermeladas se identificó las rutas de canal 0: Empresa---Consumidor y canal 1: Empresa----Distribuidores---Consumidor; se calculó el margen de comercialización para las diferentes presentaciones de encurtidos y mermeladas obteniendo como resultados que la empresa obtiene un mayor margen bruto en los encurtidos de 340.56 gr con el 77. 06% del precio final pagado por los consumidores finales sin deducir los costos que incurre la empresa durante el proceso de elaboración, gastos de transportes y gastos administrativos, en los encurtidos de 227.04 g los detallista obtienen mayor participación con el 23.77%, pero estos no incurren en gastos extraordinarios. Con respecto al margen de comercialización de las mermeladas, en la presentación de 227.04 gramos en la cual adquiere mayor participación con el 78.69%, del precio final pagado por el consumidor, estos porcentajes sin incluir los costos que incurre la empresa durante el proceso de elaboración, gastos de transporte y gastos administrativos, en la presentación de 113.52 gramos los detallista obtienen mayor margen bruto con el 23.61%, estos no incurren gastos extraordinarios

Derecho civil : aproximaciones al derecho de personas

Las universidades de hoy, siguiendo las últimas tendencias de docencia universitaria que proponen minimizar la participación del profesor en la tarea del aprendizaje, han trasladado al estudiante al esfuerzo de apropiarse de la información necesaria para el conocimiento de las ciencias; Sin embargo, los libros y documentos que se entregan al estudiante para que se empape de los conceptos fundamentales siguen siendo textos fríos y desapacibles cuya utilidad estaba ligada a las explicaciones previas que ya el maestro había suministrado. Este libro ha procurado un discurso claro y coherente para facilitar su comprensión, haciendo énfasis especial en aquellos aspectos que hacen de la ciencia jurídica un ejercicio intelectual apasionante, pero evitando caer en el sistema de “cartilla” o “instructivo”, una fórmula que parece creada por la comunicación moderna para descalificar la inteligencia del lector. Este texto empieza con un barrido de prácticamente todas las instituciones generales del Derecho (las dos primeras secciones), que sirve de apoyo para entrar en el estudio de los sujetos de Derecho y sus características esenciales, con el nivel de detalle que corresponde a quien se dedica a otras disciplinas para tener una idea de cómo funciona el sistema jurídico. El autor declara que, haciendo caso omiso del esfuerzo, escribir le resultó una tarea útil, grata y no pocas veces divertida y por eso confía en que el lector tenga la misma sensación al realizar su lectura. Nota: complementa esta obra "Derecho Civil. Derecho de familia".

Estudio comparativo entre el sistema probatorio del derecho común Americano y el sistema probatorio del derecho civil Colombiano

Mediante el estudio comparativo entre el sistema probatorio del “Common Law” Americano y el régimen probatorio del “ Civil Law” Colombiano, se pretende dar una perspectiva general del manejo que se le da a las pruebas en dos sistemas jurídicos

Reply to the discussion by Karen Johannesson on “Rare earth element geochemistry of scleractinian coral skeleton during meteoric diagenesis: a sequence through neomorphism of aragonite to calcite” by Webb et al., Sedimentology, 56, 1433-1463

Webb et al. (2009) described a late Pleistocenecoral sample wherein the diagenetic stabilization of original coral aragonite to meteoric calcite was halted more or less mid-way through the process, allowing direct comparison of pre-diagenetic and post-diagenetic microstructure and trace element distributions. Those authors found that the rare earth elements (REEs) were relatively stable during meteoric diagenesis, unlike divalent cations such as Sr,and it was thus concluded that original, in this case marine, REE distributions potentially could be preserved through the meteoric carbonate stabilization process that must have affected many, if not most, ancient limestones. Although this was not the case in the analysed sample, they noted that where such diagenesis took place in laterally transported groundwater, trace elements derived from that groundwater could be incorporated into diagenetic calcite, thus altering the initial REE distribution (Banner et al., 1988). Hence, the paper was concerned with the diagenetic behaviour of REEs in a groundwater-dominated karst system. The comment offered by Johannesson (2011) does not question those research results, but rather, seeks to clarify an interpretation made by Webb et al. (2009) of an earlier paper, Johannesson et al. (2006).

Prevalence, predictors, and correlates of supportive care needs among women 3–5 years after a diagnosis of endometrial cancer

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence, sociodemographic and clinical predictors, and physical and psychosocial correlates of unmet needs among women 3–5 years following treatment for endometrial cancer. Methods Women with endometrial cancer completed a survey around the time of diagnosis and again 3–5 years later. The follow-up survey asked women about their physical and psychosocial functioning and supportive care needs (CaSUN). Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression identified the predictors and correlates of women’s unmet needs 3–5 years after diagnosis. Results Of the 629 women who completed the cancer survivors’ unmet needs measure (CaSUN), 24 % (n = 153) women reported one or more unmet supportive care needs in the last month. Unmet needs at 3–5 years post-diagnosis were predicted by younger age (OR = 4.47; 95 % CI: 2.09–9.56) and advanced disease stage at diagnosis (OR = 2.47; 95 % CI: 1.38–4.45) and correlated with greater cancer symptoms (OR = 1.78; 95 % CI: 1.05–3.02), lower limb swelling (OR = 2.50; 95 % CI: 1.51–4.15), symptoms of anxiety (OR = 2.21; 95 % CI: 1.31–3.72), and less availability of social support (OR = 3.42; 95 % CI: 1.92–6.11). Women with a history of comorbidities (OR = 0.47; 95 % CI: 0.27–0.82) and those living in a rural area at the time of diagnosis (OR = 0.56; 95 % CI: 0.34–0.92) were less likely to report unmet needs. Conclusions Sociodemographic, health, and psychosocial factors seem important for identifying women who will or will not have unmet needs several years following endometrial cancer. Longitudinal assessments of people’s needs over the course of their cancer trajectory may be an effective way to identify areas that should receive further attention by health providers.

New insights from IODP Expedition 340 offshore Montserrat: First drilling of large volcanic island landslides

Montserrat now provides one of the most complete datasets for understanding the character and tempo of hazardous events at volcanic islands. Much of the erupted material ends up offshore, and this offshore record may be easier to date due to intervening hemiplegic sediments between event beds. The offshore dataset includes the first scientific drilling of volcanic island landslides during IODP Expedition 340, together with an unusually comprehensive set of shallow sediment cores and 2-D and 3-D seismic surveys. Most recently in 2013, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) dives mapped and sampled the surface of the main landslide deposits. This contribution aims to provide an overview of key insights from ongoing work on IODP Expedition 340 Sites offshore Montserrat.Key objectives are to understand the composition (and hence source), emplacement mechanism (and hence tsunami generation) of major landslides, together with their frequency and timing relative to volcanic eruption cycles. The most recent major collapse event is Deposit 1, which involved ~1.8 km cubed of material and produced a blocky deposit at ~12-14ka. Deposit 1 appears to have involved not only the volcanic edifice, but also a substantial component of a fringing bioclastic shelf, and material locally incorporated from the underlying seafloor. This information allows us to test how first-order landslide morphology (e.g. blocky or elongate lobes) is related to first-order landslide composition. Preliminary analysis suggests that Deposit 1 occurred shortly before a second major landslide on the SW of the island (Deposit 5). It may have initiated English's Crater, but was not associated with a major change in magma composition. An associated turbidite-stack suggests it was emplaced in multiple stages, separated by at least a few hours and thus reducing the tsunami magnitude. The ROV dives show that mega-blocks in detail comprise smaller-scale breccias, which can travel significant distances without complete disintegration. Landslide Deposit 2 was emplaced at ~130ka, and is more voluminous (~8.4km cubed). It had a much more profound influence on the magmatic system, as it was linked to a major explosive mafic eruption and formation of a new volcanic centre (South Soufriere Hills) on the island. Site U1395 confirms a hypothesis based on the site survey seismic data that Deposit 2 includes a substantial component of pre-existing seafloor sediment. However, surprisingly, this pre-existing seafloor sediment in the lower part of Deposit 2 at Site U1395 is completely undeformed and flat lying, suggesting that Site U1395 penetrated a flat lying block. Work to date material from the upper part of U1396, U1395 and U1394 will also be summarised. This work is establishing a chronostratigraphy of major events over the last 1 Ma, with particularly detailed constraints during the last ~250ka. This is helping us to understand whether major landslides are related to cycles of volcanic eruptions.

Submarine record of volcanic island construction and collapse in the Lesser Antilles arc: First scientific drilling of submarine volcanic island landslides by IODP Expedition 340

IODP Expedition 340 successfully drilled a series of sites offshore Montserrat, Martinique and Dominica in the Lesser Antilles from March to April 2012. These are among the few drill sites gathered around volcanic islands, and the first scientific drilling of large and likely tsunamigenic volcanic island-arc landslide deposits. These cores provide evidence and tests of previous hypotheses for the composition and origin of those deposits. Sites U1394, U1399, and U1400 that penetrated landslide deposits recovered exclusively seafloor sediment, comprising mainly turbidites and hemipelagic deposits, and lacked debris avalanche deposits. This supports the concepts that i/ volcanic debris avalanches tend to stop at the slope break, and ii/ widespread and voluminous failures of preexisting low-gradient seafloor sediment can be triggered by initial emplacement of material from the volcano. Offshore Martinique (U1399 and 1400), the landslide deposits comprised blocks of parallel strata that were tilted or microfaulted, sometimes separated by intervals of homogenized sediment (intense shearing), while Site U1394 offshore Montserrat penetrated a flat-lying block of intact strata. The most likely mechanism for generating these large-scale seafloor sediment failures appears to be propagation of a decollement from proximal areas loaded and incised by a volcanic debris avalanche. These results have implications for the magnitude of tsunami generation. Under some conditions, volcanic island landslide deposits composed of mainly seafloor sediment will tend to form smaller magnitude tsunamis than equivalent volumes of subaerial block-rich mass flows rapidly entering water. Expedition 340 also successfully drilled sites to access the undisturbed record of eruption fallout layers intercalated with marine sediment which provide an outstanding high-resolution data set to analyze eruption and landslides cycles, improve understanding of magmatic evolution as well as offshore sedimentation processes.

Hole mobility of 3.56 cm2V−1s−1accomplished using more extended dithienothiophene with furan flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer

A highly extended dithienothiophene comonomer building block was used in combination with highly fused aromatic furan substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole for the synthesis of novel donor–acceptor alternating copolymer PDPPF-DTT. Upon testing PDPPF-DTT as a channel semiconductor in top contact bottom gate organic field effect transistors (OFETs), it was found to exhibit p-channel behaviour. The highest hole mobility of 3.56 cm2 V−1 s−1 was reported for PDPPF-DTT. To our knowledge, this is the highest mobility reported so far for the furan flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole class of copolymers using conventional device geometry with straightforward processing.

Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 56 bone mineral density loci and reveals 14 loci associated with risk of fracture

Bone mineral density (BMD) is the most widely used predictor of fracture risk. We performed the largest meta-analysis to date on lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD, including 17 genome-wide association studies and 32,961 individuals of European and east Asian ancestry. We tested the top BMD-associated markers for replication in 50,933 independent subjects and for association with risk of low-trauma fracture in 31,016 individuals with a history of fracture (cases) and 102,444 controls. We identified 56 loci (32 new) associated with BMD at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8). Several of these factors cluster within the RANK-RANKL-OPG, mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, endochondral ossification and Wnt signaling pathways. However, we also discovered loci that were localized to genes not known to have a role in bone biology. Fourteen BMD-associated loci were also associated with fracture risk (P < 5 × 10−4, Bonferroni corrected), of which six reached P < 5 × 10−8, including at 18p11.21 (FAM210A), 7q21.3 (SLC25A13), 11q13.2 (LRP5), 4q22.1 (MEPE), 2p16.2 (SPTBN1) and 10q21.1 (DKK1). These findings shed light on the genetic architecture and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying BMD variation and fracture susceptibility.