Economic Reforms and Income Inequality in Urban China

This paper reports the results of an analysis of changes in income inequality, and in its determinants, in urban China since the economic reforms that began in 1978. The intention is to identify new characteristics of economic inequality. It first shows that income differentials acrossand in provinces widened and that their economic rankings were becoming fixed during the period from 1988 to 1995. Second, age was the major factor in inequality in 1988, while education became the important factor in 1995. Third, education significantly contributed to increasing inequality during the period. Fourth, the higher education-level groups had less within-group inequality. These changes reflect the penetration of the market mechanism into China after the reforms. However, this will be problematic without equality of opportunity.

Factor decomposition of income inequality change : Japan's regional income disparity from 1955 to 1998

We propose a method for the decomposition of inequality changes based on panel data regression. The method is an efficient way to quantify the contributions of variables to changes of the Theil T index while satisfying the property of uniform addition. We illustrate the method using prefectural data from Japan for the period 1955 to 1998. Japan experienced a diminishing of regional income disparity during the years of high economic growth from 1955 to 1973. After estimating production functions using panel data for prefectures in Japan, we apply the new decomposition approach to identify each production factor’s contributions to the changes of per capita income inequality among prefectures. The decomposition results show that total factor productivity (residual) growth, population change (migration), and public capital stock growth contributed to the diminishing of per capita income disparity.

Dimensions and determinants of upward mobility : a study based on longitudinal data from Delhi slums

This study based on two primary surveys of the same households in two different years (2007/08 and 2012) assesses the extent of inter-temporal change in income of the individual workers and makes an attempt to identify the factors which explain upward mobility in alternate econometric framework, envisaging endogeneity problem. It also encompasses a host of indicators of wellbeing and constructs the transition matrix to capture the extent of change over time at the household level. The findings are indicative of a rise in the income of workers across a sizeable percentage of households though many of them remained below the poverty line notwithstanding this increase. In fact, there is a wide spread deterioration in the wellbeing index constructed at the household level. Among several determinants of income rise two important policy prescriptions can be elicited. Inadequate education reduces the probability of upward mobility while education above a threshold level raises it. Savings are crucial for upward mobility impinging on the importance of asset creation. Views that entail neighbourhood spill-over effects also received validation. Besides, investment in housing and basic amenities turns out to be crucial for improvement in wellbeing levels.

Surface morphology control of strained InAs/GaAs(331)A films: From nanowires to island-pit pairs

We have studied the effect of molecular beam epitaxy growth conditions on the surface morphology of strained InAs/GaAs(331)A films. Our results reveal that InAs nanowires aligned along the [1 (1) over bar0] direction are formed under As-rich conditions, which is explained by the effect of anisotropic buffer layer surface roughing. Under In-rich conditions, however, the surface morphology of the InAs layers is characterized by a feature of island-pit pairs. In this case, cooperative nucleation of islands and pits can lower the activation barrier for domain growth. These results suggest that the surface morphology of strained InAs layers is highly controllable. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Involvement of Synthesis and Phosphorylation of Nuclear Protein Factors That Bind to the Positivecis-Acting Element in the Transcriptional Activation of the CYP2B1/B2 Gene by Phenobarbitonein Vivo

The synthesis and phosphorylation of protein factor(s) that bind to the positivecis-acting element (−69 to −98 nt) of the CYP2B1/B2 gene have been examinedin vivoin the rat. Treatment of rats with cycloheximide, a protein synthetic inhibitor, suppresses basal as well as phenobarbitone-induced levels of CYP2B1/B2 mRNA and its run-on transcription. Under these conditions, complex formation of the nuclear extract with the positive element is also inhibited, as judged by gel shift assays. Treatment of rats with 2-aminopurine, a general protein kinase inhibitor, blocks the phenobarbitone-mediated increase in CYP2B1/B2 mRNA, cell-free transcription of a minigene construct containing the positive element, pP450e179DNA, and binding of nuclear proteins to the positive element. Treatment of rats with okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, mimics the effects of phenobarbitone, but only partially. Thus, both phenobarbitone and okadaic acid individually enhance binding of the nuclear protein(s) to the positive element, cell-free transcription of the minigene construct, and phosphorylation of the not, vert, similar26- and 94-kDa proteins binding to the positive element. But unlike phenobarbitone, okadaic acid is not an inducer of CYP2B1/B2 mRNA or its run-on transcription. Thus, phenobarbitone-responsive positive element interactions constitute only a minimal requirement, and okadaic acid is perhaps not able to bring about the total requirement for activation of CYP2B1/B2 gene transcription that should include interaction between the minimal promoter and further upstream elements. An intriguing feature is the antagonistic effect of okadaic acid on phenobarbitone-mediated effects on CYP2B1/B2 mRNA levels, cell-free and run-on transcription, and nuclear protein binding to the positive element. The reason for this antagonism is not clear. It is concluded that phenobarbitone treatment enhancesin vivothe synthesis and phosphorylation of protein factors binding to the positive element and these constitute a minimal requirement for the transcriptional activation of the CYP2B1/B2 gene.

Arreglos de siembra en el cultivo de la soya (Glycine max L.), variedad CEA-CH-86. Efecto sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo

El presente trabajo se realizó con la finalidad de determinar el efecto de diferentes arreglos de siembra (0.3 metro entre surco por 7 plantas por metro lineal; 0.6 metro entre surco por 15 plantas por metro lineal: 0.6 metro entre surco por 18 plantas por metro lineal; O.7 metro entre surco por 25 plantas por metro lineal; 0.8 metro entre surco por 30 plantas por metro lineal y 0.9 metro entre surco por 36 plantas por metro lineal) sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de la soya (Glycine max L) variedad CEA-CH-86, bajo las condiciones ecológicas de la finca La Concepción, Nagarote León. El ensayo se estableció en la siembra de postrera de 1999, utilizándose un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se encontró que los componentes de crecimiento (altura, diámetro y hojas por planta) presentaron diferencias a los 50 y 70 días después de la siembra y para las variables evaluadas para el rendimiento y sus principales componentes solamente se encontraron diferencias no significativas para el número de semillas por vainas y peso de mil granos. Los resultados del análisis de varianza indican que el arreglo de siembra 0.6 metro entre surco por 18 plantas por metro lineal obtuvo el mayor rendimiento (2,925.72 kg/ha) y la más alta tasa de retomo marginal {867. 16 por ciento).

Mejoramiento de dos componentes de sistema de producción del cultivo de la soya (Glycine max L.) variedad CEA-CH-86, su efecto sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo

El presente trabajo se planificó con la finalidad de mejorar dos componentes del sistema tradicional de producción del cultivo de la soya (Glycine max L.) variedad CEA-CH-86. Por lo tanto, se trabajó con: densidades de siembra y períodos sin y con control de plantas indeseables para encontrar el período crítico de competencia de malezas. Para determinar la densidad óptima de siembra, se estableció un ensayo unifactorial en la época de primera de 2000 en donde se probaron seis densidades de siembra (238 095,250000, 297 619, 357 143, 378 788 y 396 825 plantas/ha. La densidad que indujo al mayor rendimiento se le determinó el período crítico de competencia de malezas, para lo cual se estableció un experimento unifactorial en donde se incluyeron tratamientos sin control y con control de malezas hasta los 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 y 120 dds. De las seis densidades evaluadas, la que dio el mayor rendimiento fue la de 297,619 plantas/ha con una producción de 2,300 kg/ha. Así mismo, se llegó a la conclusión de que el período crítico de competencia de maleza para el cultivo de la soya en la variedad CEA-CH-86 se determinó a partir de los 20 hasta los 60 días después de la siembra.

Evaluación de dosis de fósforo y potasio en el cultivo de la soya (Glycine max (L) Merr), variedad CEA-CH-86, su efecto sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento y su análisis económico

El presente trabajo se realizó con la finalidad de determinar el efecto de diferentes dosis de fósforo y potasio (10 kg/ha de fósforo – 30 kg/ha de potasio; 20 kg/ha de fósforo – 40 kg/ha de potasio; 30 kg/ha de fósforo – 50 kg/ha de potasio; 40 kg/ha de fósforo – 60 kg/ha de potasio) y un tratamiento testigo (sin aplicación de fósforo y potasio) sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de la soya ( Glycine max (L) Merr.) variedad CEA- CH-86, bajo las condiciones ecológicas de la finca La Concepción, ubicada en el municipio de Nagarote departamento de León. El ensayo se estableció en la siembra de postrera del 2003, utilizándose un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se encontró que los componentes del crecimiento (altura, diámetro y hojas por planta) presentaron diferencias significativ as a los 50 y 70 días después de la siembra, y para las variables correspondientes a los componentes del rendimiento y sus principales componentes solamente se encontraron diferencias no significativas para el número de granos por vainas. Los resultados del análisis de varianza indicaron que cuando se aplicó 30 kg/ha de fósforo – 50 kg/ha de potasio se obtuvo el mayor rendimiento (1 930 kg/ha), el mayor beneficio neto (1 361.37 C$ / ha) y la mas alta tasa de retorno marginal (197.10 por ciento).