Beyond the mincer equation: the internal rate of return to higher education in Colombia

In order to present an estimation of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) to higher education in Colombia we take advantage of the methodological approach provided by Heckman, Lochner and Todd (2005). Trying to overcome the criticism that surrounds interpretations of the education coefficient of Mincer equations as being the rate of return to investments in education we develop a more structured approach of estimation, which controls for selection bias, includes more accurate measures of labor income and the role of education costs and income taxes. Our results implied a lower rate of return than the ones found in the Colombian literature and show that the Internal Rate of Return for higher education in Colombia lies somewhere between 0.074 and 0.128. The results vary according to the year analyzed and individual’s gender. This last result reinforces considerations regarding gender discrimination in the Colombian labor market.

Observation of exsolution textures within Ba-Cu-O-rich solidified melts of Y-Ba-Cu-O materials and their relationship to Y123 nucleation and texturing

Layers (about 60-100 μm thick) of almost pure BaCuO2 (BC1), as determined using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), coat the surfaces of YBa2Cu3O7-x (Y123) samples partial melt processed using a single-zone vertical furnace. The actual Cu/Ba ratio of the BC1 phase is 1.2-1.3 as determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The nominally BC1 phase displays an exsolution of BC1.5 or BC2 in the form of thin plates (about 50-100 nm thick) along {100}-type cleavage planes or facets. The exsolved phase also fills cracks within the BC1 layer that require it to be in a molten state at some stage of processing. The samples were influenced by Pt contamination from the supporting wire, which may have stabilised the BC1.5 phase. Many of the Y123 grains have the same morphology as the exsolution domains, and run nearly parallel to the thin plates of the exsolved phases, strongly indicating that Y123 nucleation took place at the interface between the BC1 and the BC1.5 or BC2 exsolved phases. The network of nearly parallel exsolved 'channels' provides a matrix and a mechanism through which a high degree of local texture can be initiated in the material.

‘Pop Melayu vs. Pop Indonesia: Marketeers, producers and new interpretations of a genre into the 2000s’ in Sonic Modernities in Southeast Asia Leiden: Brill pp. 187- 215

Kangen Band, as an example of reclaiming of the derisive term kampungan. In it, I argue that this reclaiming represents an interesting case of genre manipulation, and consider what this can reveal about how Indonesian pop genres are constituted, what they ‘are’ and what they ‘do’. In so doing, I seek to rework existing scholarship relating to Indonesian pop genres and modernity, as well as interrogate some broader theories of genre. In this essay, I extend the argument that Indonesian pop genres are not purely technical categories, they touch on myths of class and nation (Wallach 2008; Weintraub 2010; Yampolsky 1989. As we shall see, in the New Order period, pop music genres reached out to these myths by positioning themselves variously vis-à-vis the capital city, Jakarta. Such positioning, achieved through use of the terms gedongan (a term that strives to infer refinement by stressing the non-masses’ central position in the urban environment) and kampungan (a term that strives to enforce subalterns’ marginal position in relation to the metropolis, see also the previous contribution by Weintraub), continues to haunt the constitution of genre in the post-New Order period, but in novel ways. These novel ways, I argue, may be seen to result from industrial transformation and new systems of knowledge production.

Medida provisória 215/2004, que dispõe sobre o reajustamento dos valores dos soldos dos militares das forças armadas, e dá outras providências

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XVII - Segurança Pública e Defesa Nacional.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 215]

Começa uma nova etapa da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC), na qual o Relator Bernardo Cabral (PMSB-AM) avaliará as emendas apresentadas. Funcionários da Biblioteca da Câmara dos Deputados ordenam as emendas por artigo e título. Apresentado o roteiro de Trabalho da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC). Algumas emendas estão sendo reapresentadas, pois foram votadas durante a fase de discussão nas comissões temáticas, mas não aproveitadas pelo Relator da Comissão de Sistematização. O Deputado Carlos Alberto de Oliveira Caó (PDT-RJ) reclama que a emenda que proíbe o Brasil de manter relações diplomáticas com países que pratiquem o racismo não foi acolhida pelo Relator. O Deputado Bernardo Cabral (PMDB-AM) explica as razões de não ter aceitado essa emenda. Grupo de 292 constituintes do Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste defendem treze emendas, visando à melhor distribuição de renda para as regiões mais pobres do país. O Deputado Alberico Cordeiro (PFL-AL) explica a importância dessas emendas. O Deputado Aécio de Borba (PDS-CE) diz que não é justo que um número tão grande de pessoas receba tão poucos investimentos e tenham uma vida tão miserável. No palanque presidencial do Desfile de 7 de Setembro, constituintes conversam sobre o sistema de governo. O Senador Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PMDB-SP) é favorável a um período de transição dos regimes. Ronaldo Costa Couto, Ministro da Casa Civil, declara que o governo está aberto ao entendimento. O Presidente da ANC, Deputado Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB-SP), considera prudente decidir logo o sistema de governo.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 331]

Tem início a sessão da Constituinte para discutir o novo regimento interno. No Plenário, o número de Parlamentares presentes mostrava que nenhuma proposta teria 280 votos. Na presidência da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC), o vice-presidente, o Senador Mauro Benevides (PMDB-CE), que substitui o Deputado Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB-SP), no momento ocupando a Presidência da República. O Deputado Alysson Paulinelli (PFL-MG) acredita que a votação será suficiente para ser aprovada a modificação viabilizando alguns itens que não estão compatíveis com o desejo da maioria do Congresso e do povo brasileiro. Mas o líder do PMDB, o Senador Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PMDB-SP), propôs o adiamento da sessão para conseguir um acordo. O Centrão se dividiu. O líder do PDS, o Deputado Amaral Netto (PDS-RJ), chega a disputar o microfone com outro líder do Centrão, O Deputado Roberto Cardoso Alves (PMDB-SP). Mas a palavra de conciliação surgiu através do líder do PTB, o Deputado Gastone Righi (PTB-SP). Os líderes decidem que o melhor dia para nova votação é na quarta-feira da próxima semana e com isso, a sessão foi adiada. O Deputado José Maria Eymael (PDC-SP) afirma que o momento é de entendimento, que atenda os anseios de toda sociedade representada na ANC. O Lider do PC do B, Deputado Haroldo Lima (PCdoB-BA) concordou com o adiamento para promover uma votação mais adequada. O Deputado Gastone Righi (PTB-SP) declara que para demonstrar que o centro democrático, a maioria real da Constituinte, não deseja confrontos, mas colaborar para uma Constituição nova que seja perene e coerente, o grupo concordou em adiar a votação. O Senador Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PMDB-SP) declara que após o Centrão atender ao seu pedido de adiamento da sessão, será realizado um trabalho de aprovação de medidas do regimento que viabilize uma votação mais célere e expresse realmente a vontade de todos. O Presidente Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB-SP) recebeu no Palácio do Planalto um dos líderes do Centrão, o Deputado Roberto Cardoso Alves (PMDB-SP), que encaminhava as decisões tomadas no Congresso. O Deputado José Costa (PMDB-AL) considera fundamental a constatação que nenhum grupo tem 280 votos para decidir qualquer matéria constitucional e que será através da negociação que será elaborada a Constituição, equacionando diversos temas. A Comissão Executiva do PFL se reuniu na busca de um acordo para votação da próxima semana no gabinete do presidente do partido, o Senador Marco Maciel (PFL-PE). O PFL está examinando também as propostas polêmicas que ainda serão votadas no Plenário da Constituinte. Outro tema em discussão é a proposta do Senador Carlos Chiarelli (PFL-RS), que deseja eleições gerais no país após a promulgação da Constituição.

The fabrication of self-aligned InAs nanostructures on GaAs(331)A substrates

Self-aligned InAs quantum wires (QWRs) or three-dimensional (3D) islands are fabricated on GaAs(331)A substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). InAs QWRs are selectively grown on the step edges formed by GaAs layers. The surface morphology of InAs nanostructures is carefully investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. Different growth conditions, such as substrate temperature, growth approaches, and InAs coverage, exert a great effect on the morphology of InAs islands. Low substrate temperatures favour the formation of wirelike nanostructures, while high substrate temperatures favour 3D islands. The shape transition is attributed to the trade-off between surface energy and strain energy. A qualitative agreement of our experimental data with the theoretical results derived from the model proposed by Tersoff and Tromp is achieved.

Surface morphology control of strained InAs/GaAs(331)A films: From nanowires to island-pit pairs

We have studied the effect of molecular beam epitaxy growth conditions on the surface morphology of strained InAs/GaAs(331)A films. Our results reveal that InAs nanowires aligned along the [1 (1) over bar0] direction are formed under As-rich conditions, which is explained by the effect of anisotropic buffer layer surface roughing. Under In-rich conditions, however, the surface morphology of the InAs layers is characterized by a feature of island-pit pairs. In this case, cooperative nucleation of islands and pits can lower the activation barrier for domain growth. These results suggest that the surface morphology of strained InAs layers is highly controllable. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Corrugated surfaces formed on GaAs(331)A substrates: the template for laterally ordered InGaAs nanowires

Morphology evolution of high-index GaAs(331)A surfaces during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth has been investigated in order to achieve regularly distributed step-array templates and fabricate spatially ordered low-dimensional nano-structures. Atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements have shown that the step height and terrace width of GaAs layers increase monotonically with increasing substrate temperature. By using the step arrays formed on GaAs(331)A surfaces as the templates, we have fabricated highly ordered InGaAs nanowires. The improved homogeneity and the increased density of the InGaAs nanowires are attributed to the modulated strain field caused by vertical multi-stacking, as well as the effect of corrugated surface of the template. Photoluminescence (PL) tests confirmed remarkable polarization anisotropy.

Self-organized InAs quantum wires on GaAs (331)A substrates

Self-organized InAs quantum wires (QWRs) were fabricated on the step edges of the GaAs (331)A surface by molecular beam epitaxy. The lateral size of InAs QWRs was saturated by the terrace width (i.e., 90 nm) while the size along the step lines increased with the increasing thicknesses of the InAs layers, up to 1100 nm. The height of InAs QWRs varied from 7.9 nm to 13 nm. The evolution of the morphology of InAs QWRs was attributed to the diffusion anisotropy of In adatoms.

Corrugated surfaces formed on GaAs (331)a substrates: The template for laterally ordered InGaAs nanowires

Morphology evolution of high-index (331)A surfaces during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth have been investigated in order to uncover their unique physic properties and fabricate spatially ordered low dimensional nanostructures. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) measurements have shown that the step height and terrace width of GaAs layers increase monotonically with increasing substrate temperature in conventional MBE. However, this situation is reversed in atomic hydrogen-assisted MBE, indicating that step bunching is partly suppressed. We attribute this to the reduced surface migration length of Ga adatoms with atomic hydrogen. By using the step arrays formed on GaAs (331)A surfaces as the templates, we fabricated laterally ordered InGaAs self-aligned nanowires.