Neither exit nor voice : loyalty as a survival strategy for the Uzbeks in Kazakhstan

The June 2010 conflict between the Kyrgyz and Uzbek communities in southern Kyrgyzstan once again demonstrated the complexity of the ethnic question in Central Asia. Little is known, however, about the Uzbeks in Kazakhstan, whose settlements are concentrated in the south of the republic, in areas adjacent to Uzbekistan. What problems did the Kazakhstani Uzbeks face after the collapse of the Soviet Union and how did they seek to address these issues? This paper examines the attempts of Uzbek leaders to secure their share of power in their compact settlements and how they were co-opted or marginalized under the Nazarbaev administration. This paper shows that loyalty to the regime, not migration to the ethnic homeland or political mobilization, is an option available, and also preferable, for this ethnic minority in Kazakhstan.

Deformation dynamics of SS-316 Between 1023-K TO 1223-K In The Framework of Cottrell-Stokes Law

Kocks' formalism for analysing steady state deformation data for the case where Cottrell-Stokes law is valid is extended to incorporate possible back stresses from solution and/or precipitation hardening, and dependence of pre-exponential factor on the applied stress. A simple graphical procedure for exploiting these equations is demonstrated by analyzing tensile steady state data for a type 316 austentic stainless steel for the temperature range 1023 to 1223 K. In this instance, the computed back stress values turned out to be negative, a physically meaningless result. This shows that for SS 316, deformation in this temperature regime can not be interpreted in terms of a mechanism that obeys Cottrell-Stokes law.

Investigation on the High Vacuum Tribological Characteristics of Surface Treated Nuclear Grade Stainless Steel Type AISI 316 LN at 25 to 500 degrees C

Although some researchers have published friction and wear data of Plasma Nitride (PN) coatings, the tribological behavior of PN/PN Pairs in high vacuum environment has not been published so far In order to bridge this knowledge gap, tribological tests under dry conditions have been conducted on PN/PN Pairs for varying temperatures of 25, 200, 400 and 500 degrees C in high vacuum (1.6 x 10(-4) bar) environment. The PN coatings showed good wear resistance layer on the ring surface. The PN coatings were removed only from the pin surface for all the tests since it contacts at a point. The friction and wear were low at lower temperatures and it eliminated adhesion between the contact surfaces until the coating was completely removed from the pin surface. (C) 2011 Journal of Mechanical Engineering. All rights reserved.

Mixed-mode fracture mechanisms near the fatigue threshold of aisi-316 stainless-steel

Near threshold, mixed mode (I and II), fatigue crack growth occurs mainly by two mechanisms, coplanar (or shear) mode and branch (or tensile) mode. For a constant ratio of ΔK_I/ΔK_II the shear mode growth shows a self-arrest character and it would only start again when ΔK_I and ΔK_II are increased. Both shear crack growth and the early stages of tensile crack growth, are of a crystallographic nature; the fatigue crack proceeds along slip planes or grain boundaries. The appearance of the fracture surfaces suggest that the mechanism of crack extension is by developing slip band microcracks which join up to form a macrocrack. This process is thought to be assisted by the nature of the plastic deformation within the reversed plastic zone where high back stresses are set up by dislocation pile-ups against grain boundaries. The interaction of the crack tip stress field with that of the dislocation pile-ups leads to the formation of slip band microcracks and subsequent crack extension. The change from shear mode to tensile mode growth probably occurs when the maximum tensile stress and the microcrack density in the maximum tensile plane direction attain critical values.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 316]

Conclusão das votações na Comissão de Sistematização. Na discussão sobre Anisitia, foram rejeitadas as propostas que previam o pagamento de atrasados aos anistiados. Uma delas foi a emenda do Deputado Brandão Monteiro (PDT-RJ), que estendia os benefícios da Anistia aos membros da Marinha e Aeronáutica. Aprovada emenda do Deputado José Maria Eymael (PDC-SP) estabelecendo que a lei ordinária irá criar uma compesação financeira para os pilotos da Força Aérea Brasileira (FAB) cassados depois de março de 1964. Aprovado destaque do Deputado José Costa (PMDB-AL), que possibilita às vítimas cassadas após 1964, recorrerem à justiça para terem seus direitos revistos. A Anistia foi também estendida aos trabalhadores do setor privado com a emenda do Deputado João Paulo Vasconcellos (PT-MG). Aprovada a emenda de Nelson Carneiro (PMDB-RJ), que regula a aplicação do parlamentarismo nos Estados. A Deputada Raquel Cândido (PFL-RO) tem a sua emenda aprovada, que cria o Código de Defesa do Consumidor. A duração do mandato do Presidente José Sarney gera polêmica entre os constituintes. Opinam os Deputados: Elizer Moreira (PFL-MA), João Carlos Barcelar (PMDB-BA) e João Hermann Neto (PMDB-SP).

Bird migration and the spread of Crustacea. [Translation from: Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 27, 311-316, 1963.]

The passive spread of a high percentage of freshwater organisms is one of the most important requirements in short-lived and insular communities for species to attai n and survive - and consequently to balance the lack of a topographical continuity of most inland waters. Unfortunately hardly anything is known about the amounts of seed material typical for any lake into which it is carried. The causes of passive dissemination - wind, water and animals as well as man - are confirmed by many examples. It has been assumed now for at least a hundered years that , among animals, birds play a prominent role, although also disappointingly few facts are at hand. The passage and spread through birds' intestines has up to now been supported only by some limited data. This paper reports on experimental research where the eggs of Daphnia magna, Triops cancriformis, Artemia salina, Diaptomus spinosus and Cypris pubera were introduced by means of gelatine capsules into the oesophagus of a drake. The bird's excrements were inspected under a microscope for eggs and resting stages, and these were transferred into corresponding cultures.

Microstructure, mechanical properties and chemical degradation of brazed AISI 316 stainless steel/alumina systems

The main aims of the present study are simultaneously to relate the brazing parameters with: (i) the correspondent interfacial microstructure, (ii) the resultant mechanical properties and (iii) the electrochemical degradation behaviour of AISI 316 stainless steel/alumina brazed joints. Filler metals on such as Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti and Ag–34.5Cu–1.5Ti were used to produce the joints. Three different brazing temperatures (850, 900 and 950 °C), keeping a constant holding time of 20 min, were tested. The objective was to understand the influence of the brazing temperature on the final microstructure and properties of the joints. The mechanical properties of the metal/ceramic (M/C) joints were assessed from bond strength tests carried out using a shear solicitation loading scheme. The fracture surfaces were studied both morphologically and structurally using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The degradation behaviour of the M/C joints was assessed by means of electrochemical techniques. It was found that using a Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti brazing alloy and a brazing temperature of 850 °C, produces the best results in terms of bond strength, 234 ± 18 MPa. The mechanical properties obtained could be explained on the basis of the different compounds identified on the fracture surfaces by XRD. On the other hand, the use of the Ag–34.5Cu–1.5Ti brazing alloy and a brazing temperature of 850 °C produces the best results in terms of corrosion rates (lower corrosion current density), 0.76 ± 0.21 μA cm−2. Nevertheless, the joints produced at 850 °C using a Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti brazing alloy present the best compromise between mechanical properties and degradation behaviour, 234 ± 18 MPa and 1.26 ± 0.58 μA cm−2, respectively. The role of Ti diffusion is fundamental in terms of the final value achieved for the M/C bond strength. On the contrary, the Ag and Cu distribution along the brazed interface seem to play the most relevant role in the metal/ceramic joints electrochemical performance.

Les filles de marbre : drame en cinq actes, mêlé de chant. [Suivi de] Le cousin du Roi : comédie en un acte, en vers. Livr. 316 / par MM. Théodore Barrière et Lambert Thiboust... ; par MM. Philoxène Boyer et Théodore de Banville

Collection : Théâtre contemporain illustré ; 316e et 317e livraisons

HG 316.65-316.80

Fine grained, dark brown sediment. Minor amounts of lineations can be seen. Faint water escape structures are also abundant.

Evaluación de una batería española de tests de orientación escolar colectiva en relación a sus posibilidades de predicción de rendimiento académico en una muestra de 316 alumnos de octavo de EGB.

Verificar la utilidad de la batería 'Cospa' de test colectivo. La muestra la componen 316 alumnos de sexo masculino de octavo de EGB, de nivel socio-económico medio, pertenecientes a 4 escuelas privadas o concertadas de Valencia y poblaciones cercanas. Se consideraron las siguientes variables a estudiar: rendimiento académico global (RAG), rendimiento académico en Matemáticas (M), rendimiento académico en Lengua (L) además de las variables de inteligencia, hábitos y actitudes y personalidad. Se enunciaron 21 hipótesis. Se realizó la batería de Cospa a los sujetos de la muestra y se analizó la correlación de los resultados y la comprobación de hipótesis. Batería Cospa de test colectivo. Correlación de Pearson. La exactitud predictiva del test no es idónea, aunque no por ello se invalida la prueba.