Interaction of powers in the Philippine presidential system

The executive - legislative relations in the Philippines have been described in two contrasting stories, namely the "strong president" story, and the "strong congress" story. This paper tries to consolidate the existing arguments and propose a new perspective focusing on the "compromise exchange" between the president and the congress across the different policy areas. It considers that the policy outcome is not brought by unilateral power of the president or the congress, but formed as the product of such an exchange. Interaction of powers and their complementary function are addressed. Furthermore, aside from the constitutional power, the weak party discipline is pointed out as a key factor in making the exchange possible.

Political institutions and policy outcomes : effects of presidential vetoes on budget making

The article examines how the power distribution between the executive and the legislature under the Presidential system affects policy outcomes. We focus in particular on the presidential veto, both package and partial. Using a simple game theory model, we show that the presidential partial veto generally yields a result in favor of the President, but that such effects vary depending on the reversion points of the package veto and the Congress's possible use of sanctions against the President. The effects of the Presidential partial veto diminish if the reversion point meets certain conditions, or if the Congress has no power to impose sufficient sanctions on the President when the President revises the outcome ex-post. To clarify and explain the model, we present the case of budget making in the Philippines between 1994 and 2008. In the Philippines, the presidential partial veto has been bringing expenditure programs closer to the President's ideal point within what may be called the Congress's indifference curve. The Congress, however, has not always passed budget bills and from time to time has carried over the previous year's budget, in years when the budget deficit increased. This is the situation that the policy makers cannot retrieve from the reversion point.

The urban middle class in the instability of new democracies

The recent revolts of the middle class in the national capitals of the Philippines and Thailand have raised a new question about democratic consolidation. Why would the urban middle class, which is expected to stabilize democracy, expel the democratically elected leaders through extra-constitutional action? This article seeks to explain such middle class deviation from democratic institutions through an examination of urban primacy and the change in the winning coalition. The authoritarian regime previously in power tended to give considerable favor to the primate city to prevent it revolting against the ruler, because it could have become a menace to his power. But after democratization the new administration shifts policy orientation from an urban to rural bias because it needs to garner support from rural voters to win elections. Such a shift dissatisfies the middle class in the primate city. In this article I take up the Philippines as a case study to examine this theory.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, official map and guide /

Relief shown by shading.

Gateway National Recreation Area, New York-New Jersey /

"*GPO: 1992--312-248/40175 Reprint 1992."

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 312]

Foi aprovada, na Comissão de Sistematização, a emenda do Deputado Carlos Mosconi (PMDB-MG) que proíbe a comercialização de órgãos. Posteriormente, o Congresso deverá votar uma lei que regulamenta a atividade de doação de órgãos. Aprovada, ainda, a emenda do Senador Jarbas Passarinho (PDS-PA) que dá isenção fiscal a entidades de assistência social, caso da Santa Casa da Misericórdia. O Deputado Egídio Ferreira Lima (PMDB-PE) tem emenda aprovada determinando que só uma entidade do governo seja responsável pelos recursos da ciência e tecnologia. Rejeitada a proposta do Deputado Bocayuva Cunha (PDT-RJ) de retirar o dispositivo que transfere ao Ministério da Saúde a prevenção contra acidentes de trabalho. Aprovada a emenda do Deputado Inocêncio de Oliveira (PFL-PE) que retira a exclusividade do governo na importação de equipamentos e insumos para a fabricação de medicamentos. Aprovada a emenda do Deputado Augusto Carvalho (PCB-DF) que concede tratamento igual ao homem e à mulher na condição de dependente, para efeito da previdência social. Sete crianças levam cartazes formando a palavra justiça. Elas pedem um mundo sem fome, sem violência, com justiça social e esperança. Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB-SP), presidente da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC), recepciona as crianças e declara que gostaria de colocá-las na Tribuna para elas colocarem suas reivindicações, mas o Regimento não permite.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 248]

A Comissão de Sistematização da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte consegue votar 12 parágrafos do Capítulo I, sobre os direitos individuais e coletivos. Alguns temas aprovados na votação de ontem : tortura é crime inafiançável e imprescritível; exigência de diploma para o exercício do jornalismo; a residência e o domicílio são invioláveis, salvo em casos específicos; inviolabilidade do sigilo de correspondência e das comunicações telegráficas, telefônicas e de dados, salvo em casos específicos. Começa a nova organização da Comissão de Sistematização da ANC para dar mais agilidade às votações. As votações serão à tarde e à noite, reservando-se a parte da manhã para negociações dos líderes partidários, visando a diminuição no número de destaques. A Comissão contará também com dois novos vice-presidentes: os Senadores Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PMDB-SP) e Jarbas Passarinho (PDS-PA). Na sessão O Povo Pergunta, cidadão quer saber quando o deficiente físico poderá trabalhar neste país. O Deputado Bosco França (PMDB-SE) declara que criou uma emenda que destina 10% dos empregos públicos para deficientes. Professores vêm a Brasília garantir seus direitos na Constituição. Querem manter a aposentadoria aos 25 anos para mulheres e 30 aos homens e pedem também a aprovação do texto atual, que garante 18% dos recursos da União e 25% dos recursos dos Estados para a educação. O Presidente da Confederação dos Professores Thomas Wanghon informa que a luta é também para garantir que as rendas públicas sejam aplicadas nas escolas públicas e que haja um plano de carreira unificado para os professores de todo o país. O Deputado Sólon Borges dos Reis (PTB-SP) afirma que os 18% de receita da União e 25% da arrecadação dos Estados e Municípios destinados à educação são um percentual mínimo necessário.

Influence of ZrO2 in HfO2 on reflectance of HfO2/SiO2 multilayer at 248 nm prepared by electron-beam evaporation

Influence of ZrO2 in HfO2 on the reflectance of HfO2/SiO2 multilayer at 248 nm was investigated. Two kinds of HfO2 with different ZrO2 content were chosen as high refractive index material and the same kind of SiO2 as low refractive index material to prepare the mirrors by electron-beam evaporation. The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 starting coating materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum (GDMS) technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) equipment, respectively. It showed that between the two kinds of HfO2, either the bulk materials or their corresponding films, the difference of ZrO2 was much larger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe. It is the Zr element that affects the property of thin films. Both in theoretical and in experimental, the mirror prepared with the HfO2 starting material containing more Zr content has a lower reflectance. Because the extinction coefficient of zirconia is relatively high in UV region, it can be treated as one kind of absorbing defects to influence the optical property of the mirrors. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

以树木年轮宽度资料重建祁连山中部地区过去248年来的降水量

IEECAS SKLLQG

Production of new superheavy Z=108-114 nuclei with U-238, Pu-244, and Cm-248,Cm-250 targets

Within the framework of the dinuclear system (DNS) model, production cross sections of new superheavy nuclei with charged numbers Z=108-114 are analyzed systematically. Possible combinations based on the actinide nuclides U-238, Pu-244, and Cm-248,Cm-250 with the optimal excitation energies and evaporation channels are pointed out to synthesize new isotopes that lie between the nuclides produced in the cold fusion reactions and the Ca-48-induced fusion reactions experimentally, which are feasible to be constructed experimentally. It is found that the production cross sections of superheavy nuclei decrease drastically with the charged numbers of compound nuclei. Larger mass asymmetries of the entrance channels enhance the cross sections in 2n-5n channels.