Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refi nements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2∙4 billion and 1∙6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537∙6 million in 1990 to 764∙8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114∙87 per 1000 people to 110∙31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world’s population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to nonfatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries.

Orbital phase resolved spectroscopy of GX 301-2 with MAXI

GX 301-2, a bright high-mass X-ray binary with an orbital period of 41.5 d, exhibits stable periodic orbital intensity modulations with a strong pre-periastron X-ray flare. Several models have been proposed to explain the accretion at different orbital phases, invoking accretion via stellar wind, equatorial disc, and accretion stream from the companion star. We present results from exhaustive orbital phase resolved spectroscopic measurements of GX 301-2 using data from the Gas Slit Camera onboard MAXI. Using spectroscopic analysis of the MAXI data with unprecedented orbital coverage for many orbits continuously, we have found a strong orbital dependence of the absorption column density and equivalent width of the iron emission line. A very large equivalent width of the iron line along with a small value of the column density in the orbital phase range 0.10-0.30 after the periastron passage indicates the presence of high density absorbing matter behind the neutron star in this orbital phase range. A low energy excess is also found in the spectrum at orbital phases around the pre-periastron X-ray flare. The orbital dependence of these parameters are then used to examine the various models about mode of accretion on to the neutron star in GX 301-2.

具有梯度结构表层301不锈钢的压缩性能

利用表面机械研磨处理技术,在301奥氏体不锈钢中得到晶粒尺度呈梯度分布的变形表层,进行了压缩试验和微观组织观察。结果表明,变形表层中晶粒可细化至100nm。相比原始态的屈服强度236MPa,具有变形梯度表层后屈服强度增加到436MPa,变形后的加工硬化指数为0.31,经400和700℃的退火后分别增加到0.32和0.35。另外,随着应变速率的增加,流变应力增大而加工硬化能力降低.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 301]

A Comissão de Sistematização vota o capítulo referente ao Poder Judiciário. O Deputado Gerson Peres (PDS-PA) apresentou emenda que suprime o Conselho Superior de Justiça, mas a emenda foi rejeitada. As emendas apresentadas pelos Deputados José Genoíno (PT-SP) e Paulo Ramos (PMDB-RJ) que mudam a organização da justiça militar, também foram rejeitadas. A Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB-SP) lança nota de apoio à Constituinte, criticando aqueles que querem desestabilizar a Assembléia Nacional Constituinte (ANC). Para os Deputados Marcelo Cordeiro (PMDB-BA) e Gerson Peres (PDS-PA), a OAB-SP teve uma reação lúcida, justa e consciente, que veio em boa hora. Um Grupo de constituintes querem mudar o Regimento Interno, para possibilitar a apresentação de novas emendas à Comissão de Sistematização. Os Deputados Euclides Scalco (PMDB-PR) e Bernardo Cabral (PMDB-AM) são contrários à mudança. Representantes do Centrão, Daso Coimbra (PMDB-RJ) e Joaquim Bevilacqua (PTB-SP), querem alterar alguns pontos do substitutivo pois, não concordam com o que foi aprovado pela Comissão de Sistematização. De acordo com o Deputado Euclides Saclaco, líder do PMDB, alguns constituintes querem alterar todo o trabalho já realizado, inclusive aquele junto com os representantes da sociedade.

利用Cyanex 301萃取体系制备纳米硫化物的研究

溶剂萃取由于具有处理量大、操作简单、易于连续化等优点，被广泛应用于湿法冶金工业。而溶剂萃取过程通常都伴随着有机相微乳体系的形成、变化、甚至完全破乳的过程以及萃合物分子聚集状态的不断变化，因此可以认为，液－液萃取体系提供了一系列可调控的微乳体系。相对于液液萃取在金属分离方面的广泛应用，液液萃取过程中形成的微乳体系在材料制备方面的应用研究还处于起始阶段。本论文在广泛调研文献资料的基础上，开展了利用硫代有机膦萃取剂Cyanex 301萃取体系制备纳米硫化物的研究，取得了一些有意义的结果。该工作的开展将对促进溶剂萃取分离与纳米材料制备一体化研究起到一定的作用，并为寻找简便易行且适用于大规模生产的纳米材料制备新方法提供思路。主要内容如下： 1. 通过两相热法，利用Cyanex 301－AgNO3两相萃取体系制备了尺寸均匀、分散性好的Ag2S纳米粒子。并且发现了与通常纳米材料制备过程不一样的现象，即Ag2S产物的粒径随着反应温度的升高逐渐增大，这与通常观察到的产物颗粒随反应温度升高而变小的现象完全不同。通过红外谱图分析，确定了反应机理，并提出了影响产物粒径的可能机制，认为产物粒径的变化是Cyanex 301作为硫源与作为表面修饰剂相互竞争的结果。 2. 通过两步法合成了四面体、类六角锥和六角片型的Ag2S/CdS纳米复合材料。Ag2S纳米粒子在产物的形成中起到了晶种与模板导向作用，溶剂对产物的形貌也起到诱导作用。 3. 利用两相热法，一步合成了CuS微米花和微米球自组装结构，产物的形貌随水相金属离子浓度的改变而发生变化。

Si j'étais roi !... : opéra-comique en trois actes et quatre tableaux. [Suivi de] La dame aux jambes d'azur : pochade en un acte. Livr. 301 / par MM. Dennery et Brésil ; musique de M. Adolphe Adam...par MM. Marc-Michel et E. Labiche

Collection : Théâtre contemporain illustré ; 301e et 302e livraisons

Isolation, purification, characterization and application of proteinaceous protease inhibitor from marine bacterium Pseudomonas mendocina BTMW 301

The microorganisms are recognized as important sources of protease inhibitors which are valuable in the fields of medicine, agriculture and biotechnology. The protease inhibitors of microbial origin are found to be versatile in their structure and mode of inhibition that vary from those of other sources. Although surplus of low molecular weight non-protein protease inhibitors from microorganisms have been reported, there is a dearth of reports on proteinaceous protease inhibitors. The search for new metabolites from marine organisms has resulted in the isolation of more or less 10,000 metabolites (Fuesetani and Fuesetani, 2000) many of which are gifted with pharmacodynamic properties. The existence of marine microorganisms was reported earlier, and they were found to be metabolically and physiologically dissimilar from terrestrial microorganisms. Marine microorganisms have potential as important new sources of enzyme inhibitors and consequently a detailed study of new marine microbial inhibitors will provide the basis for future research (Imada, 2004).

Monitoramento das propriedades térmicas das borrachas naturais de novos clones: IAC 301 e IAC 303

A borracha natural (BN) de três clones de seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. exAdr. de Juss. Muell.-Arg.)] de um período de sete meses foi obtida por coagulação do látex com solução de ácido acético a 10% e seca a 65°C. As curvas TG-DTG foram utilizadas para monitorar as propriedades térmicas da BN. Os resultados indicaram pequenas variações entre clones e coletas, exceto no valor de Tf-T0, indicando que o clone IAC 301 sofre degradação mais rápida durante o processo termo degradação da BN seca. Não houve diferenças significativas nos valores de Tg entre clones e coletas.

Endoscopic endonasal approach for pituitary adenoma: surgical complications in 301 patients

The authors investigate the complications of transnasal transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery in the treatment of 301 patients with pituitary adenomas. A retrospective analysis of complications in 301 patients submitted to transsphenoidal transnasal endoscopic surgery at the General Hospital of Fortaleza, Brazil between January 1998 and December 2009. The complications were divided in two groups: anatomical (oronasofacial, sphenoid sinus, intrasellar, suprasellar and parasellar) and endocrinological complications (anterior and posterior pituitary dysfunctions). We observed a total of 81 complications (26.9%) in our series. Anatomical complications occurred in 8.97% (27 cases): 8 CSF postoperative leaks (2.6%), 6 cases (1.9%) of delayed nasal bleeding, 5 cases (1.6%) of sphenoidal sinusitis, 3 cases (0.9%) of carotid artery lesion, 2 cases of meningitis (0.6%) and one case (0.3%) of each of the uncommon following complications: intrasella-suprasella hematoma, pontine hematoma and chiasmaplexy. Endocrinological complications occurred in 17.9% (54 cases): additional postoperative anterior lobe insufficiency in 35 cases (11.6%), and postoperative diabetes insipidus in 19 cases (6.3%). In our series, 3 cases of deaths (not directly related to the procedure) were also observed. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery represents an effective option for the treatment of patients with pituitary tumor. Complications still occur and must be reduced as much as possible. Successful endoscopic pituitary surgery requires extensive training in the use of an endoscope and careful planning of the surgery. Additional improvement can be expected with greater experience and new technical developments.

Jornal da UNESP, 2014, ano XXVIII, n. 301

Jornal elaborado pela Assessoria de Comunicação e Imprensa da Reitoria da UNESP

El trastorno narcisista de la personalidad [DSM-IV=301.81 en relación al C. 1095.3: papel abogado en la pericia

Estas lineas llaman la atencion sobre estos problemas, pues considera las peculiaridades que genera el trastorno narcisista de la personalidad en los procesos matrimoniales. Ademas, estudia el papel del abogado ante las pericias sobre incapacidad de asumir por causa de naturaleza psiquica.