Association of variants at 1q32 and STAT3 with ankylosing spondylitis suggests genetic overlap with Crohn's disease

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common inflammatory arthritic condition. Overt inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) occurs in about 10% of AS patients, and in addition 70% of AS cases may have subclinical terminal ileitis. Spondyloarthritis is also common in IBD patients. We therefore tested Crohn's disease susceptibility genes for association with AS, aiming to identify pleiotropic genetic associations with both diseases. Genotyping was carried out using Sequenom and Applied Biosystems TaqMan and OpenArray technologies on 53 markers selected from 30 Crohn's disease associated genomic regions. We tested genotypes in a population of unrelated individual cases (n = 2,773) and controls (n = 2,215) of white European ancestry for association with AS. Statistical analysis was carried out using a Cochran-Armitage test for trend in PLINK. Strong association was detected at chr1q32 near KIF21B (rs11584383, P = 1.66 x 10-10, odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% CI:0.68-0.82). Association with disease was also detected for 2 variants within STAT3 (rs6503695, P = 4.6×10-4. OR = 0.86 (95% CI:0.79-0.93); rs744166, P = 2.6×10-5, OR = 0.84 (95% CI:0.77-0.91)). Association was confirmed for IL23R (rs11465804, P = 1.2×10-5, OR = 0.65 (95% CI:0.54-0.79)), and further associations were detected for IL12B (rs10045431, P = 5.261025, OR = 0.83 (95% CI:0.76-0.91)), CDKAL1 (rs6908425, P = 1.1×10-4, OR = 0.82 (95% CI:0.74-0.91)), LRRK2/MUC19 (rs11175593, P = 9.9×10-5, OR = 1.92 (95% CI: 1.38-2.67)), and chr13q14 (rs3764147, P = 5.9×10-4, OR = 1.19 (95% CI: 1.08-1.31)). Excluding cases with clinical IBD did not significantly affect these findings. This study identifies chr1q32 and STAT3 as ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility loci. It also further confirms association for IL23R and detects suggestive association with another 4 loci. STAT3 is a key signaling molecule within the Th17 lymphocyte differentiation pathway and further enhances the case for a major role of this T-lymphocyte subset in ankylosing spondylitis. Finally these findings suggest common aetiopathogenic pathways for AS and Crohn's disease and further highlight the involvement of common risk variants across multiple diseases.

Le locus 1q32 : susceptibilité aux maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin et rôles biologiques de C1orf106 et KIF21B

La maladie de Crohn (MC) et la colite ulcéreuse (CU) sont des maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin (MII) caractérisées par une inflammation chronique du tube digestif. Ces maladies à traits complexes sont le résultat d’un dérèglement du système immunitaire. Les études d’association pangénomique ont identifié au total 99 loci de susceptibilité aux MII. La région 1q32 du chromosome 1 a été identifiée comme locus de susceptibilité à la MC, la CU et la sclérose en plaque. La région autour du marqueur génétique (rs11584383) contient quatre gènes : Chromosome 1 open reading frame 106 (C1orf106), Kinesin family member 21B (KIF21B), Calcium channel, voltage-dependant, L type, alpha 1S subunit (CACNA1S) et Chromosome 1 open reading frame 81 (C1orf81). L’objectif de l’étude est de mettre ces quatres gènes dans un contexte biologique et de déterminer leur rôle potentiel dans les MII. Par réaction de polymérisation en chaîne quantitatif (qPCR), nous avons déterminé le profil d’expression de ces gènes dans des tissus murins et des lignées cellulaires humaines. KIF21B et C1orf106 sont exprimés dans les tissus gastrointestinal et immunitaire. Par la suite, nous avons testé l’implication de KIF21B et C1orf106 dans les voies biologiques connues pour leur rôle dans les MII comme l’activité NF-kB et le stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE). Nos résultats montrent que la surexpression de KIF21B dans les cellules HEK293T diminue l’activité de NF-kB et la surexpression de C1orf106 augmente le stress du RE et l’activité de la voie Wnt. Globalement, ces résultats suggèrent que KIF21B et C1orf106, dans la région 1q32, sont des gènes candidats prometteurs puisqu’ils interviennent dans des voies biologiques connues des maladies inflammatoire de l’intestin.

Dissection of the genetics of Parkinson's disease identifies an additional association 5' of SNCA and multiple associated haplotypes at 17q21

We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 1705 Parkinson's disease (PD) UK patients and 5175 UK controls, the largest sample size so far for a PD GWAS. Replication was attempted in an additional cohort of 1039 French PD cases and 1984 controls for the 27 regions showing the strongest evidence of association (P < 10 4). We replicated published associations in the 4q22/SNCA and 17q21/MAPT chromosome regions (P < 10 10) and found evidence for an additional independent association in 4q22/SNCA.A detailed analysis of the haplotype structure at 17q21 showed that there are three separate risk groups within this region. We found weak but consistent evidence of association for common variants located in three previously published associated regions (4p15/BST1, 4p16/GAK and 1q32/PARK16). We found no support for the previously reported SNP association in 12q12/LRRK2. We also found an association of the two SNPs in 4q22/SNCA with the age of onset of the disease. © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press.

Genome-wide study of familial juvenile hyperuricaemic (gouty) nephropathy (FJHN) indicates a new locus, FJHN3, linked to chromosome 2p22.1-p21

Familial juvenile hyperuricaemic (gouty) nephropathy (FJHN), is an autosomal dominant disease associated with a reduced fractional excretion of urate, and progressive renal failure. FJHN is genetically heterogeneous and due to mutations of three genes: uromodulin (UMOD), renin (REN) and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta (HNF-1β) on chromosomes 16p12, 1q32.1, and 17q12, respectively. However, UMOD, REN or HNF-1β mutations are found in only ~45% of FJHN probands, indicating the involvement of other genetic loci in ~55% of probands. To identify other FJHN loci, we performed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genome-wide linkage analysis, in six FJHN families in whom UMOD, HNF-1β and REN mutations had been excluded. Parametric linkage analysis using a 'rare dominant' model established linkage in five of the six FJHN families, with a LOD score >+3, at 0% recombination, between FJHN and SNPs at chromosome 2p22.1-p21. Analysis of individual recombinants in two unrelated affected individuals defined a ~5.5 Mbp interval, flanked telomerically by SNP RS372139 and centromerically by RS896986 that contained the locus, designated FJHN3. The interval contains 28 genes, and DNA sequence analysis of the most likely candidate, solute carrier family 8 member 1 (SLC8A1), did not identify any abnormalities in the FJHN3 probands. FJHN3 is likely located within a ~5.5 Mbp interval on chromosome 2p22.1-p21, and identifying the genetic abnormality will help to further elucidate mechanisms predisposing to gout and renal failure.

Identification of the semaphorin receptor PLXNA2 as a candidate for susceptibility to schizophrenia

The discovery of genetic factors that contribute to schizophrenia susceptibility is a key challenge in understanding the etiology of this disease. Here, we report the identification of a novel schizophrenia candidate gene on chromosome 1q32, plexin A2 (PLXNA2), in a genome-wide association study using 320 patients with schizophrenia of European descent and 325 matched controls. Over 25,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within approximately 14,000 genes were tested. Out of 62 markers found to be associated with disease status, the most consistent finding was observed for a candidate locus on chromosome 1q32. The marker SNP rs752016 showed suggestive association with schizophrenia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.49, P = 0.006). This result was confirmed in an independent case-control sample of European Americans (combined OR = 1.38, P = 0.035) and similar genetic effects were observed in smaller subsets of Latin Americans (OR = 1.26) and Asian Americans (OR = 1.37). Supporting evidence was also obtained from two family-based collections, one of which reached statistical significance (OR = 2.2, P = 0.02). High-density SNP mapping showed that the region of association spans approximately 60 kb of the PLXNA2 gene. Eight out of 14 SNPs genotyped showed statistically significant differences between cases and controls. These results are in accordance with previous genetic findings that identified chromosome 1q32 as a candidate region for schizophrenia. PLXNA2 is a member of the transmembrane semaphorin receptor family that is involved in axonal guidance during development and may modulate neuronal plasticity and regeneration. The PLXNA2 ligand semaphorin 3A has been shown to be upregulated in the cerebellum of individuals with schizophrenia. These observations, together with the genetic results, make PLXNA2 a likely candidate for the 1q32 schizophrenia susceptibility locus.

Molecular Genetics of Age-related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD; OMIM # 603075) is an eye disease of the elderly, signs of which appear after the age of 50. In the Western world it is a leading cause of permanent visual loss with a prevalence of 8.5% in persons under 54 years of age and of 37% in persons over 75 years of age. Early forms of AMD may be asymptomatic, but in the late forms usually a central scotoma in the visual field follows severely complicating daily tasks. Smoking, age, and genetic predisposition are known risk factors for AMD. Until recently no true susceptibility genes had been identified though the composition of drusen deposits, the hallmarks of AMD, has suggested that the complement system might play a role in the pathogenesis of AMD. When four groups reported in March 2005, that, on chromosome 1q32, a Y402H variant in the complement factor H (CFH) gene confers risk for AMD in independent Caucasian samples, a new period in the field of genetic research of AMD started. CFH is a key regulator of the complement system. Thus, it is logical to speculate, that it plays a role in the pathogenesis of AMD. We performed a case-control association study to analyse whether the CFH Y402H variant contain a risk for AMD in the Finnish population. Although the population of Finland represents a genetic isolate, the CFH Y402H polymorphism was associated with AMD also in our patient sample with similar risk allele frequencies as in the other Caucasian populations. We further evaluated the effects of this variant, but no association between lesion subtype (predominantly classic, minimally classic or occult lesion) or lesion size of neovascular AMD and the CFH Y402H variant was detected. Neither did the variant have an effect on the photodynamic therapy (PDT) outcome. The patients that respond to PDT carried the risk genotype as frequently as those who did not respond, and no difference was found in the number of PDT sessions needed in patients with or without the risk genotypes of CFH Y402H. Functional analyses, however, showed that the binding of C-reactive protein (CRP) to CFH was significantly reduced in patients with the risk genotype of Y402H. In the past two years, the LOC387715/ high-temperature requirement factor A1 (HTRA1) locus on 10q26 has also been repeatedly associated with AMD in several populations. The recent discovery of the LOC387715 protein on the mitochondrial outer membrane suggests that the LOC387715 gene, not HTRA1, is the true predisposing gene in this region, although its biological function is still unknown. In our Finnish patient material, patients with AMD carried the A69S risk genotype of LOC387715 more frequently than the controls. Also, for the first time, an interaction between the CFH Y402H and the LOC387715 A69S variants was found. The most recently detected susceptibilty gene of AMD, the complement component 3 (C3) gene, encodes the central component of the complement system, C3. In our Finnish sample, an additive gene effect for the C3 locus was detected, though weaker than the effects for the two main loci, CFH and LOC387715. Instead, the hemicentin-1 or the elongation of very long chain fatty acids-like 4 genes that have also been suggested as candidate genes for AMD did not carry a risk for AMD in the Finnish population. This was the first series of molecular genetic study of AMD in Finland. We showed that two common risk variants, CFH Y402H and LOC387715 A69S, represent a high risk of AMD also in the isolated Finnish population, and furthermore, that they had a statistical interaction. It was demonstrated that the CFH Y402H risk genotype affects the binding of CFH to CRP thus suggesting that complement indeed plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AMD.

A homozygous mutation in LTBP2 causes isolated microspherophakia

Microspherophakia is an autosomal-recessive congenital disorder characterized by small spherical lens. It may be isolated or occur as part of a hereditary systemic disorder, such as Marfan syndrome, autosomal dominant and recessive forms of Weill-Marchesani syndrome, autosomal dominant glaucoma–lens ectopia–microspherophakia–stiVness– shortness syndrome, autosomal dominant microspherophakia with hernia, and microspherophakia-metaphyseal dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to map and identify the gene for isolated microspherophakia in two consanguineous Indian families. Using a whole-genome linkage scan in one family, we identiWed a likely locus for microspherophakia (MSP1) on chromosome 14q24.1–q32.12 between markers D14S588 and D14S1050 in a physical distance of 22.76 Mb. The maximum multi-point lod score was 2.91 between markers D14S1020 and D14S606. The MSP1 candidate region harbors 110 reference genes. DNA sequence analysis of one of the genes, LTBP2, detected a homozygous duplication (insertion) mutation, c.5446dupC, in the last exon (exon 36) in aVected family members. This homozygous mutation is predicted to elongate the LTBP2 protein by replacing the last 6 amino acids with 27 novel amino acids. Microspherophakia in the second family did not map to this locus, suggesting genetic heterogeneity. The present study suggests a role for LTBP2 in the structural stability of ciliary zonules, and growth and development of lens.

Caractérisation clinique et génétique d’une famille canadienne-française atteinte de la neuropathie héréditaire sensitive avec rétinite pigmentaire et ataxie

La complexité de l’étude des neuropathies héréditaires provient de leur hétérogénéité clinique et génétique et de la diversité des fibres composant les nerfs périphériques. Cette complexité se reflète dans les nombreuses classifications différentes. Les neuropathies héréditaires se classifient entre autres selon leur mode de transmission et leur atteinte sensitive, autonomique et motrice. Les neuropathies héréditaires sensitives et autonomiques (NHSA) se présentent avec une perte de la sensation distale aux membres, accompagnée d’autres manifestations selon le type de NHSA. L’étude des NHSA est facilitée lorsqu’il existe des grappes de familles originaires de régions du Québec où des effets fondateurs pour des maladies récessives ont déjà été identifiés. Nous avons recruté une grande famille canadienne-française originaire de Paspébiac dans la Baie-des-Chaleurs dans laquelle nous avons identifié quatre cas atteints d’une neuropathie héréditaire sensitive avec rétinite pigmentaire et ataxie (NHSRPA). Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que nous étions en présence d’une nouvelle forme de neuropathie héréditaire sensitive récessive à effet fondateur. Afin d’identifier la position chromosomique du gène muté responsable de la NHSRPA, nous avons tout d’abord complété un criblage du génome en génotypant des marqueurs microsatellites «single tandem repeat» (STR) sur des individus clés et nous avons ensuite procédé à une analyse de liaison génétique paramétrique. Ces études nous ont permis de lier cette famille au chromosome 1 et de définir un premier intervalle candidat de 6,7 Mb. Grâce à un génotypage de marqueurs «single nucleotide polymorphism» (SNP), nous avons réduit l’intervalle candidat à 5,3 Mb au locus 1q32,2-q32,3. Cette région contient 44 gènes candidats. Une revue plus fine de la littérature a fait ressortir qu’une famille espagnole et une américaine de souche hollandaise souffrant de la même maladie avaient déjà été liées au même locus. L’origine possiblement basque de notre famille gaspésienne nous a poussé à comparer l’haplotype porteur avec celui de la famille espagnole qui, quoi que gitane, provient du pays basque espagnol. Ces travaux ont démontré le partage d’une région de 203 kb. Afin de rétrécir davantage notre intervalle candidat, nous avons comparé les haplotypes des cas entre les deux familles et nous avons identifié un dernier intervalle candidat de 60 SNP au locus 1q32,3. Cette région ne contient que quatre gènes candidats dont le plus intéressant est le gène «activating transcription factor» (ATF3). À ce jour, aucune mutation n’a été trouvée dans le gène ATF3 et les gènes FAM71A, BATF3 et NSL1. Des expériences supplémentaires sont nécessaires afin d’identifier le gène muté responsable de la NHSRPA.

Identification des gènes responsables des hyperplasies surrénaliennes macronodulaires bilatérales familiales avec récepteurs aberrants

La majorité des hyperplasies macronodulaires bilatérales des surrénales avec syndrome de Cushing ACTH-indépendant (AIMAH) est due à l’expression aberrante de divers récepteurs hormonaux au niveau du cortex surrénalien. Les gènes responsables des AIMAH familiales avec récepteurs aberrants n’ont pas été identifiés. Le but de ce projet est de les identifier. Une étude de liaison, visant à identifier la ou les régions du génome comprenant le ou les gènes pouvant être en cause dans les AIMAH familiales, a été réalisée en utilisant l’ADN des membres d’une famille (10 malades et 7 sains) originaire du Québec, atteinte d’AIMAH et syndrome de Cushing et caractérisée par l’expression des récepteurs β-adrénergique et V1-vasopressine. Diverses régions chromosomiques entre les personnes atteintes et non-atteintes de la famille ont été soulignées. Un total de 707453 SNPs a été obtenu, et après analyse statistique, 159 SNPs significatifs, pouvant être associés au phénotype, ont été mis en évidence entre les deux groupes. Il a été constaté que la majorité de ces SNPs se situaient sur les régions chromosomiques 1q32.1 et 16q12.2. Une étude du transcriptome a aussi été réalisée en utilisant l’ADN des tumeurs de deux patients de la famille, ainsi que l’ADN d'autres tumeurs surrénaliennes. Les analyses statistiques ont permis d’identifier 15 gènes susceptibles d’être reliés à la maladie (11 surexprimés et 4 sous-exprimés). En utilisant les données de ces deux études, nous avons ciblé six gènes du chromosome 1 (ATP2B4, PPP1R12B, SOX13, CACNA1S, ADORA1et PHLDA3), un du chromosome 16 (CHD9) et un du chromosome 13 (SPRY2), afin de rechercher la présence de mutations. Le séquençage n’a révélé aucun changement de nucléotide dans les gènes PPP1R12B et SOX13. Dans les gènes ATP2B4, CACNA1S, ADORA1et PHLDA3, le séquençage a révélé des changements de nucléotides n’entrainant soit pas de changement d’acide aminé soit un changement d’acide aminé jugé « non pertinent », du fait qu’il ne permettait pas de différencier les sujets sains des sujets atteints. Pour ce qui est de CHD9 et SPRY2, le séquençage a permis d’identifier des changements de nucléotides entrainant des changements d’acides aminés de façon plus fréquente chez les sujets atteints par rapport aux sujets sains. En conclusion, nos travaux nous ont donc permis d’identifier, par étude de liaison et par analyse du transcriptome, des gènes candidats qui pourraient être responsables de cette pathologie. Le séquençage de ces gènes candidats a révélé des mutations de CHD9 et SPRY2. Ces résultats s’avèrent prometteurs puisque ces deux gènes produisent des protéines impliquées dans le remodelage de la chromatine et dans la régulation de la signalisation des protéines kinases. Le phénotypage et le génotypage des patients atteints doivent être poursuivis pour vérification.

Association of genetic variants in complement factor H and factor H-related genes with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex polygenic autoimmune disease, is associated with increased complement activation. Variants of genes encoding complement regulator factor H (CFH) and five CFH-related proteins (CFHR1-CFHR5) within the chromosome 1q32 locus linked to SLE, have been associated with multiple human diseases and may contribute to dysregulated complement activation predisposing to SLE. We assessed 60 SNPs covering the CFH-CFHRs region for association with SLE in 15,864 case-control subjects derived from four ethnic groups. Significant allelic associations with SLE were detected in European Americans (EA) and African Americans (AA), which could be attributed to an intronic CFH SNP (rs6677604, in intron 11, Pmeta = 6.6×10-8, OR = 1.18) and an intergenic SNP between CFHR1 and CFHR4 (rs16840639, Pmeta = 2.9×10-7, OR = 1.17) rather than to previously identified disease-associated CFH exonic SNPs, including I62V, Y402H, A474A, and D936E. In addition, allelic association of rs6677604 with SLE was subsequently confirmed in Asians (AS). Haplotype analysis revealed that the underlying causal variant, tagged by rs6677604 and rs16840639, was localized to a ~146 kb block extending from intron 9 of CFH to downstream of CFHR1. Within this block, the deletion of CFHR3 and CFHR1 (CFHR3-1Δ), a likely causal variant measured using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, was tagged by rs6677604 in EA and AS and rs16840639 in AA, respectively. Deduced from genotypic associations of tag SNPs in EA, AA, and AS, homozygous deletion of CFHR3-1Δ (Pmeta = 3.2×10-7, OR = 1.47) conferred a higher risk of SLE than heterozygous deletion (Pmeta = 3.5×10-4, OR = 1.14). These results suggested that the CFHR3-1Δ deletion within the SLE-associated block, but not the previously described exonic SNPs of CFH, might contribute to the development of SLE in EA, AA, and AS, providing new insights into the role of complement regulators in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Prevalence and nonrandom distribution of exonic mutations in interferon regulatory factor 6 in 307 families with Van der Woude syndrome and 37 families with popliteal pterygium syndrome

Purpose: Interferon regulatory factor 6 encodes a member of the IRF family of transcription factors. Mutations in interferon regulatory factor 6 cause Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndrome, two related orofacial clefting disorders. Here, we compared and contrasted the frequency and distribution of exonic Mutations in interferon regulatory factor 6 between two large geographically distinct collections of families with Van der Woude and between one collection of families with popliteal pterygium syndrome. Methods: We performed direct sequence analysis of interferon regulatory factor 6 exons oil samples from three collections, two with Van der Woude and one with popliteal pterygium syndrome. Results: We identified mutations in interferon regulatory factor 6 exons in 68% of families in both Van der Woude collections and in 97% of families with popliteal pterygium syndrome. In sum, 106 novel disease-causing variants were found. The distribution of mutations in the interferon regulatory factor 6 exons in each collection was not random; exons 3, 4, 7, and 9 accounted for 80%. In the Van der Woude collections, the mutations were evenly divided between protein truncation and missense, whereas most mutations identified in the popliteal pterygium syndrome collection were missense. Further, the missense mutations associated with popliteal pterygium syndrome were localized significantly to exon 4, at residues that are predicted to bind directly to DNA. Conclusion: The nonrandom distribution of mutations in the interferon regulatory factor 6 exons suggests a two-tier approach for efficient mutation screens for interferon regulatory factor 6. The type and distribution of mutations are consistent with the hypothesis that Van der Woude is caused by haploinsufficiency of interferon regulatory factor 6. Oil the other hand, the distribution of popliteal pterygium syndrome-associated mutations suggests a different, though not mutually exclusive, effect oil interferon regulatory factor 6 function. Genet Med 2009:11(4):241-247.

Mutations in IRF6 cause Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromes

Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) belongs to a family of nine transcription factors that share a highly conserved helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain and a less conserved protein-binding domain. Most IRFs regulate the expression of interferon-alpha and -beta after viral infection(1), but the function of IRF6 is unknown. The gene encoding IRF6 is located in the critical region for the Van der Woude syndrome (VWS; OMIM 119300) locus at chromosome 1q32-q41 (refs 2,3). The disorder is an autosomal dominant form of cleft lip and palate with lip pits(4), and is the most common syndromic form of cleft lip or palate. Popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS; OMIM 119500) is a disorder with a similar orofacial phenotype that also includes skin and genital anomalies(5). Phenotypic overlap(6) and linkage data(7) suggest that these two disorders are allelic. We found a nonsense mutation in IRF6 in the affected twin of a pair of monozygotic twins who were discordant for VWS. Subsequently, we identified mutations in IRF6 in 45 additional unrelated families affected with VWS and distinct mutations in 13 families affected with PPS. Expression analyses showed high levels of Irf6 mRNA along the medial edge of the fusing palate, tooth buds, hair follicles, genitalia and skin. Our observations demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of IRF6 disrupts orofacial development and are consistent with dominant-negative mutations disturbing development of the skin and genitalia.

Genomic imbalances in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identified by molecular cytogenetic techniques

This review summarizes the chromosomal changes detected by molecular cytogenetic approaches in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the ninth most common malignancy in the world. Whole genome analyses of ESCC cell lines and tumors indicated that the most frequent genomic gains occurred at 1, 2q, 3q, 5p, 6p, 7, 8q, 9q, 11q, 12p, 14q, 15q, 16, 17, 18p, 19q, 20q, 22q and X, with focal amplifications at 1q32, 2p16-22, 3q25-28, 5p13-15.3, 7p12-22, 7q21-22, 8q23-24.2, 9q34, 10q21, 11p11.2, 11q13, 13q32, 14q13-14, 14q21, 14q31-32, 15q22-26, 17p11.2, 18p11.2-11.3 and 20p11.2. Recurrent losses involved 3p, 4, 5q, 6q, 7q, 8p, 9, 10p, 12p, 13, 14p, 15p, 18, 19p, 20, 22, Xp and Y. Gains at 5p and 7q, and deletions at 4p, 9p, and 11q were significant prognostic factors for patients with ESCC. Gains at 6p and 20p, and losses at 10p and 10q were the most significant imbalances, both in primary carcinoma and in metastases, which suggested that these regions may harbor oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Gains at 12p and losses at 3p may be associated with poor relapse-free survival. The clinical applicability of these changes as markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of ESCC, or as molecular targets for personalized therapy should be evaluated.

Alterações no número de cópias genômicas em carcinomas de mama

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Genética) - IBB

Down-regulation of ANAPC13 and CLTCL1: Early Events in the Progression of Preinvasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast

Alterations in the gene expression profile in epithelial cells during breast ductal carcinoma (DC) progression have been shown to occur mainly between pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to the in situ component of a lesion with coexisting invasive ductal carcinoma (DCIS-IDC) implying that the molecular program for invasion is already established in the preinvasive lesion. For assessing early molecular alterations in epithelial cells that trigger tumorigenesis and testing them as prognostic markers for breast ductal carcinoma progression, we analyzed, by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, eight genes previously identified as differentially expressed between epithelial tumor cells populations captured from preinvasive lesions with distinct malignant potential, pure DCIS and the in situ component of DCIS-IDC. ANAPC13 and CLTCL1 down-regulation revealed to be early events of DC progression that anticipated the invasiveness manifestation. Further down-regulation of ANAPC13 also occurred after invasion appearance and the presence of the protein in invasive tumor samples was associated with higher rates of overall and disease-free survival in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, tumors with low levels of ANAPC13 displayed increased copy number alterations, with significant gains at 1q (1q23.1-1q32.1), 8q, and 17q (17q24.2), regions that display common imbalances in breast tumors, suggesting that down-regulation of ANAPC13 contributes to genomic instability in this disease.