Comparison of Botu-bov and Tris as Freezing Extenders of Buffalo Sperm Recovered from Epididymal Cauda

Valuable genetic material can be preserved by the cryopreservation of epididymal sperm. This study evaluated the viability of pre-freezing and post-thawed sperm samples recovered from the epididymal cauda of buffaloes. Epididymides from eight Murrah buffaloes with 18 months of age were used. Semen samples were diluted in two different freezing extenders: Botu-bov (BB) and Tris (TRIS). Immediately after slaughter, both testicles from each animal were collected and transported at 4 degrees C for six hours interval. In laboratory, the removed epididymides were flushed to obtain sperm and the fractions were diluted in both freezing extenders (BB and TRIS). Semen doses were analyzed before and after frozen at -196 degrees C. BB and TRIS pre-freezing results were 38.54 +/- 22.33%(b) and 14.17 +/- 12.78%(a) for total motility (TM), 25.00 +/- 16.12(a) and 9.44 +/- 9.11(a) for progressive motility (PM), 7.21 +/- 0.98(a) and 5.09 +/- 2.65(a) for percentage of rapid cells (RAP), 91.08 +/- 12.53(b) and 63.33 +/- 31.47(a) for velocity of trajectory (VAP), 73.54 +/- 20.17(b) and 49.50 +/- 9.11(a) for linear progressive velocity (VSL), 172.21 +/- 24.55(a) and 116.94 +/- 59.48(a) for curvilinear velocity (VCL), respectively (P < 0.05). BB and TRIS post-thawing results were 42.25 +/- 21.50(b) and 17.62 +/- 19.46(a) for TM, 27.25 +/- 24.86(a) and 18.00 +/- 13.68(a) for PM, 7.35 +/- 0.98(a) and 6.26 +/- 1.13(a) for RAP, 91.42 +/- 16.86(a) and 75.96 +/- 13.17(a) for VAP, 67.96 +/- 12.13(a) and 60.04 +/- 10.42(a) for VSL, 177.54 +/- 23.53(b) and 141.29 +/- 24.97a for VCL, respectively (P < 0.05). The sperm recovered from the epididymal cauda, after 6 h storage of epididymides at 5 degrees C ensures sperm preservation demonstrating that the diluent Botu-bov had higher total motility both pre-and post-freezing when compared with TRIS. Additionally, the sperm frozen with the diluent Botu-bov showed higher values of VSL at post-thawing. These findings may reflect in improvement of conception rates.

Diode-pumped continuous wave and Q-switched operation of a c-cut Tm,Ho:YAlO3 laser

We report on a diode-pumped, cryogenic and room temperature operation of a Tm,Ho:YAlO3 (c-cut) laser. In a temperature of 77 K, an optical-optical conversion efficiency of 27% and a slope efficiency of 29% were achieved with the maximum continuous-wave (CW) output power of 5.0 W at 2.13 mu m. Acousto-optic switched operation was performed at pulse repetition frequency (PRF) from 1 kHz to 10 kHz, the highest pulse energy of 3.3 mJ in a pulse duration of 40 ns was obtained. In room temperature (RT), the maximum CW power of Tm,Ho:YAlO3 laser was 160 mW with a slope efficiency of 11% corresponding to the absorbed pump power. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

基于TM影像的黑土区表层土壤有机碳空间格局研究

土壤有机碳是陆地生态系统的一个动态组成部分，其储量、分布及其转化在陆地碳循环中起着重要的作用，是土壤肥力的核心指标之一。土壤有机碳含量的多少及其空间分布特性受气候、母质、地形等结构性因子以及施肥、耕作等随机性因子的影响。作为陆地生态系统中的一个区域化随机变量，土壤有机碳在系统内部垂直和水平方向上发生变化的同时，参与大气圈和生物圈这两个碳库之间的循环。为了揭示土壤有机碳的空间分布特性，传统统计学、地统计学、遥感与地理信息系统等方法被相继引入且逐渐走向成熟，其中，利用遥感与地理信息系统相结合的方法来反演土壤有机碳库储量及其空间分布格局为越来越多的专家学者所重视。本文在对不同方法基本理论进行简单阐述的基础上，对利用Landsat TM影像分析表层土壤有机碳格局的可行性进行了分析，并就遥感技术在反演表层土壤有机碳的空间分布格局中的应用前景进行了展望。 以黑龙江省部分黑土地区为研究对象，在不同时空尺度下分析了表层土壤有机碳与Landsat TM影像的TM1－TM5、TM7六个波段以及由其计算出的NDVI、NDTI、NDI5、NDI7、NDSVI、SAVI、RDVI和MSAVI 8个遥感指数之间的相关性。结果表明当Landsat TM影像的成像时间为2002年9月份时：(1)小尺度下表层土壤有机碳与TM1极显著相关(r=0.32, p<0.01)，与TM2、TM3和NDSVI显著相关(p<0.05)，相关系数分别为r=0.27，r=-0.29，r=0.26。(2)大尺度下，表层土壤有机碳与TM1、TM2、TM5和NDI5存在极显著的正相关(p<0.01)，相关系数分别为r=0.30，r=0.34，r=0.35，r=0.32；而与NDI7之间存在显著相关性(r=0.27, p=0.02)。(3)当空间尺度一定时，在不同的时间尺度下与表层土壤有机碳具有显著相关性的遥感指标不同。(4)在大尺度下利用遥感技术测定法得到的回归模型对表层土壤有机碳空间分布格局具有较好的预测效果(R2=0.7097, p<0.05)；(5)在大尺度下海拔高于200 m的地区表层土壤有机碳浓度显著高于海拔低于200 m的地区(p<0.05)。 通过分别利用地统计方法和遥感技术测定法分析海伦市表层土壤有机碳的空间分布格局，以步长为6170m时球状模型对表层土壤有机碳进行了拟合并利用Kriging插值方法得到了海伦市表层土壤有机碳分布格局；将这一结果与我们利用Landsat TM影像通过遥感技术测定方法得到表层土壤有机碳空间格局进行比较发现：在精度一致的前提下，遥感技术测定法在所需样本数量约为地统计方法的一半，同时在所消耗的人力、物力以及在时间上的循环周期等方面，遥感技术测定方法与地统计方法相比也有着明显的优势。

Analysis of spatio-temporal dynamic pattern and driving forces of urban land in China in 1990s using TM images and GIS

China has witnessed fast urban growth in the recent decade. This study analyzes spatio-temporal characteristics of urban expansion in China using satellite images and regionalization methods. Landsat TM images at three time periods, 1990/1991, 1995/1996, and 1999/2000, are interpreted to get 1:100000 vector land use datasets. The study calculates the urban land percentage and urban land expansion index of every 1 km(2) cell throughout China. The study divides China into 27 urban regions to conceive dynamic patterns of urban land changes. Urban development was achieving momentum in the western region, expanding more noticeably than in the previous five years, and seeing an increased growth percentage. Land use dynamic changes reflect the strong impacts of economic growth environments and macro-urban development policies. The paper helps to distinguish the influences of newly market-oriented forces from traditional administrative controls on China's urban expansion. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vencer desafios: famílias que têm filhos com necessidades educativas especiais

Dissertação de mestrado, Psicologia da Educação, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2015