O Liberalismo português: ideários e ciências. O Universo de Marino Miguel Franzini (1800-1860)

Cultura Moderna e Contemporânea n.1

Apropriaçâo da terra e formaçâo de grandes patimônios fundiários na fronteira sul do Brasil, através dos inventários post mortem (1800-1860)

This article is dedicated to the study the ways of appropriation of land in the south border of Brazil, in the first half of the century XIX. The historiography has, for tradition, associated the appropriation of large tracts of land, in Rio Grande do Sul, with royal donations. That would have been made, mainly, in the form of 'sesmarias' donations. However, a more detained study shows than the public concessions were just one among other forms of appropriation of the land used by families that accomplished a voracious accumulation of lands. Among other sources, inventories post mortem, registrations of concessions of lands and official correspondences are used. The main analysis focus relapses on the municipal district of Alegrete, between 1800 and 1870

Apropriaçâo da terra e formaçâo de grandes patimônios fundiários na fronteira sul do Brasil, através dos inventários post mortem (1800-1860)

This article is dedicated to the study the ways of appropriation of land in the south border of Brazil, in the first half of the century XIX. The historiography has, for tradition, associated the appropriation of large tracts of land, in Rio Grande do Sul, with royal donations. That would have been made, mainly, in the form of 'sesmarias' donations. However, a more detained study shows than the public concessions were just one among other forms of appropriation of the land used by families that accomplished a voracious accumulation of lands. Among other sources, inventories post mortem, registrations of concessions of lands and official correspondences are used. The main analysis focus relapses on the municipal district of Alegrete, between 1800 and 1870

Apropriaçâo da terra e formaçâo de grandes patimônios fundiários na fronteira sul do Brasil, através dos inventários post mortem (1800-1860)

This article is dedicated to the study the ways of appropriation of land in the south border of Brazil, in the first half of the century XIX. The historiography has, for tradition, associated the appropriation of large tracts of land, in Rio Grande do Sul, with royal donations. That would have been made, mainly, in the form of 'sesmarias' donations. However, a more detained study shows than the public concessions were just one among other forms of appropriation of the land used by families that accomplished a voracious accumulation of lands. Among other sources, inventories post mortem, registrations of concessions of lands and official correspondences are used. The main analysis focus relapses on the municipal district of Alegrete, between 1800 and 1870

The New Hampshire way of life, 1800-1860,

Cover-title.

The story of soil conservation in the South Carolina Piedmont, 1800-1860 /

"The greater part of the material used was selected from the files of the Work Projects Administration Erosion history project, 701-2-240, Columbia, S.C."--Foot-note, p. 1.

The mind of the Negro as reflected in letters written during the crisis, 1800-1860,

Includes letters from Frederick Douglass.

Bickerton; or, The immigrant's daughter : A tale.

Attributed to Charles James Cannon in Wright, L.H. Amer. fiction, 1851-1875.

Memorie della vita e delle opere di Francesco Rosaspina, incisor bolognese /

Illustration: frontispiece portrait of the artist, engraved by Gaetano Guadagnini after F. Spagnoli, printed by Uberto Tosi.

弘道館記 本学会設立二十五周年記念出版 ; 皇紀二千五百九十七年

Mode of access: Internet.

Malerischer atlas der eisenbahn über den Semmering.

Caption title: Mit vorausgehender historische statistischer uebersicht der im betriebe stehenden eisenbahnen in Oesterreich, von Carl, ritter von Ghega.

Federal census: Pennsylvania. [Microfilm index: 1800, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1880.

Photocopy.

Kirjan tie lukijalle : Kirjakauppojen vakiintuminen Suomessa 1740 - 1860

Books Paths to Readers describes the history of the origins and consolidation of modern and open book stores in Finland 1740 1860. The thesis approaches the book trade as a part of a print culture. Instead of literary studies choice to concentrate on texts and writers, book history seeks to describe the print culture of a society and how the literary activities and societies interconnect. For book historians, printed works are creations of various individuals and groups: writers, printers, editors, book sellers, censors, critics and finally, readers. They all take part in the creation, delivery and interpretation of printed works. The study reveals the ways selling and distributing books have influenced the printed works and the literary and print culture. The research period 1740 1860 covers the so-called second revolution of the book, or the modernisation of the print culture. The thesis describes the history of 60 book stores and their 96 owners. The study concentrates on three themes: firstly, how the particular book trade network became a central institution for printed works distribution, secondly what were the relations between cosmopolitan European book markets and the national cultural sphere, and thirdly how book stores functioned as cultural institutions and business enterprises. Book stores that have a varied assortment and are targeted to all readers became the main institution for book trade in Finland during 1740 1860. It happened because of three features. First, the book binders monopoly on selling bound copies in Sweden was abolished in 1740s. As a consequence entrepreneurs could concentrate solely to trade activities and offer copies from various publishers at their stores. Secondly the common business model of bartering was replaced by selling copies for cash, first in the German book trade centre Leipzig in 1770s. The change intensified book markets activities and Finnish book stores foreign connections. Thirdly, after Finland was annexed to the Russian empire in 1809, the Grand duchy s administration steered foreign book trade to book stores (because of censorship demands). Up to 1830 s book stores were available only in Helsinki and Turku. During next ten years book stores opened in six regional centres. The early entrepreneurs ran usually vertical businesses consisting of printing, publishing and distribution activities. This strategy lowered costs, eased the delivery of printed works and helped to create elaborated centres for all book activities. These book stores main clientele consisted of the Swedish speaking gentry. During late 1840s various opinion leaders called for the development of a national Finnish print culture, and also book stores. As a result, during the five years before the beginning of the Crimean war (1853 1856) book stores were opened in almost all Finnish towns: at the beginning of the war 36 book stores operated in 21 towns. The later book sellers, mainly functioning in small towns among Finnish speaking people, settled usually strictly for selling activities. Book stores received most of their revenues from selling foreign titles. Swedish, German, French and Belgian (pirate editions of popular French novels) books were widely available for the multilingual gentry. Foreign titles and copies brought in most of the revenues. Censorship inspections or unfavourable custom fees would not limit the imports. Even if the local Finnish print production steadily rose, many copies, even titles, were never delivered via book stores. Only during the 1840 s and 1850 s the most advanced publishers would concentrate on creating publishing programmes and delivering their titles via book stores. Book sellers regulated commissions were small. They got even smaller because of large amounts of unsold copies, various and usual misunderstandings of consignments and accounts or plain accidents that destroyed shipments and warehouses. Also, the cultural aim of a creating large and assortments and the tendency of short selling periods demanded professional entrepreneurship, which many small town book sellers however lacked. In the midst of troublesome business efforts, co-operation and mutual concern of the book market s entrepreneurs were the key elements of the trade, although on local level book sellers would compete, sometimes even ferociously. The difficult circumstances (new censorship decree of 1850, Crimean war) and lack of entrepreneurship, experience and customers meant that half of the book stores opened in 1845 1860 was shut in less than five years. In 1858 the few leading publishers established The Finnish Book Publishers Association. Its first task was to create new business rules and manners for the book trade. The association s activities began to professionalise the whole network, but at the same time the earlier independence of regional publishing and selling enterprises diminished greatly. The consolidation of modern and open book store network in Finland is a history of a slow and complex development without clear signs of a beginning or an end. The ideal book store model was rarely accomplished in its all features. Nevertheless, book stores became the norm of the book trade. They managed to offer larger selections, reached larger clienteles and maintained constant activity better than any other book distribution model. In essential, the book stores methods have not changed up to present times.

Papin pojasta suurteollisuusmieheksi : Alfred Kihlman ja nousevan keskiluokan sosiaaliset verkostot 1800-luvun Suomessa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on hahmottaa 1800-luvulla tapahtunutta keskiluokan sosiaalista nousua pohjalaissyntyisen papin, opettajan, liikemiehen ja valtiopäiväedustajan Alfred Kihlmanin (1825-1904) elämänvaiheiden kautta. Kyseessä ei ole perinteinen elämäkerta, vaan työn pyrkimyksenä on mikrotason tarkan analyysin kautta päästä käsiksi laajempiin yhteiskunnallisiin muutosprosesseihin. Erityisen kiinnostuksen kohteena ovat erilaiset sosiaaliset verkostot sekä niiden merkitys Kihlmanin kaltaisen keskiluokkaisen yksilön sosiaaliselle nousulle. Tutkimus jakautuu kahteen pääosaan, joista ensimmäinen käsittelee heränneiden pappien verkostoja 1840-luvulla ja 1850-luvun alussa ja jälkimmäinen liikemiesverkostoja 1850-luvun jälkipuolelta 1870-luvun alkuun. Pääasiallisena lähdeaineistona on Alfred Kihlmanin laaja kirjeenvaihto. Alfred Kihlman liittyi kouluvuosinaan 1840-luvun alussa nuorison piirissä nopeasti levinneeseen herännäisyyteen. Nuoret heränneet papit muodostivat tiiviin sosiaalisen verkoston, joka perustui jaetulle uskonnolliselle ideologialle sekä pappisperheiden välisille avioliittositeille. Lisäksi verkostoa pidettiin yllä yhteisillä kokoontumisilla, vierailuilla, kirjeenvaihdolla sekä palvelusten vaihtamisella. Verkoston välityksellä saatiin tehokkaasti mm. informaatiota sekä rahalainoja. Herännäisyys nousi nuoren keskiluokkaisen papiston omaa yhteiskunnallista voimattomuuttaan kohtaan tuntemasta tyytymättömyydestä. Kun sivistyneistön mahdollisuudet menestyä perinteisillä foorumeilla olivat autonomian alkupuolella heikot, nuoret heränneet kielsivät uskonnollisessa ideologiassaan arvon maalliselta menestykseltä ja rakensivat oman verkostonsa, jonka sisällä he saattoivat toteuttaa pätemisentarvettaan. Yhteiskunnallisen tilanteen muututtua verkosto muuttui 1850-luvun alussa hyödystä rasitteeksi, minkä seurauksena heränneiden pappien rivit hajaantuivat. Irtauduttuaan herännäisyydestä Alfred Kihlman siirtyi opettajan uralle. Heränneeltä vaimoltaan perimänsä varallisuuden sekä nuoruus- ja herännäisvuosinaan solmimiensa ystävyyssuhteiden ansiosta hän ajatui 1850-luvun kuluessa yhä enemmän myös liike-elämään. Hänen merkittävimmäksi toimintakentäkseen muodostuivat Suomen Yhdyspankki sekä Tampereen Pellava- ja Rautateollisuus, jonka johtajana hän toimi vuodesta 1866 lähtien. 1860-luvulla liikemiesverkostot perustuivat suurelta osin sukulaisuuteen, mutta yhä enenevässä määrin myös ystävyys-, kollega- ja liikekumppanuussuhteisiin. Kun pankkilaitos oli vielä hyvin kehittymätön, verkostot olivat etenkin pääomien hankinnassa avainasemassa. Tiiviit lainaverkostot olivat huonojen suhdanteiden aikana toisaalta myös vaaraksi, sillä yksi suuri konkurssi saattoi vetää mukanaan joukoittain liikemiehiä. Verkostojen kautta voitiin välittää ja saada myös suosituksia sekä sisäpiiritietoa, jota ei ollut saatavissa muista lähteistä. Yhteiskunnan muuttuminen ja henkilösuhteet mahdollistivat Alfred Kihlmanin sosiaalisen nousun. Teollistuminen ja liike-elämän vapautuminen tarjosivat uusia mahdollisuuksia keskiluokan yritteliäille yksilöille. Ylempien yhteiskuntaluokkien välisten säätyjen välisten raja-aitojen tasaantuminen tekivät 1850-luvun puolivälissä mahdolliseksi myös papin osallistumisen liike-elämään. Avainsanat: sosiaaliset verkostot - Suomi - 1800-luku - herännäisyys - kirkkohistoria - taloushistoria

Jac. Ahrenberg ja historian perintö : Restaurointisuunnitelmat Viipurin ja Turun linnoihin 1800-luvun lopussa

Jac. Ahrenberg and Patrimony Restoration Plans for Viipuri and Turku Castles at the End of the 19th Century This dissertation examines the unrealized restoration plans for two castles in the Grand Duchy of Finland one located at Viipuri (Vyborg, nowadays in Russia), the other at Turku (in Swedish, Åbo) during the last decades of the 19th century. Both castles were used as prisons, barracks and warehouses. From the middle of the 19th century on, their restoration and transformation into museums and "national monuments" were demanded in the newspapers. The prison reform in the 1860s stimulated the documentation and debate concerning their future, but it was only at the beginning of the 1880s when their restoration became an official state-run project. The undertaking was carried out by Johan Jacob (Jac.) Ahrenberg (1847 1914), architect of the National Board of Public Buildings. By combining written sources with drawings and photographs, this dissertation examines the restoration projects, the two castles' significance and the ways in which they were investigated by scholars. The plans are analyzed in connection with restoration practices in France and Sweden and in the context of contemporary discussions concerning national art and patrimony. The thesis argues that these former castles of the Swedish crown were used to manifest the western roots of Finnish law and order, the lineage of power and the capacity of the nation to defend itself. However, because of their symbolism, their restoration became a politically delicate question concerning the role of the Swedish heritage in Finland's nation-building process. According to Jac. Ahrenberg's plans, the two castles were to be restored to their assumed appearance at the time of the Vasa dynasty. Consequently, the structures would have resembled castles in Sweden. It is suggested that one aim of the restoration plans was to transform the two buildings into monuments testifying to the common history of Sweden and Finland. They were meant to consolidate the Swedish basis of Finnish culture and autonomy and thus to secure them against the threatening implications of Russian imperialism. It seems that along with the changing ideals of architectural restoration and the need for an original Finnish architectural heritage, the political connotations associated with the castles were one reason why Jac. Ahrenberg's restoration plans were never realized.