Tanska keisari Kaarle V:n valtakunnan intresseissä 1521-1524

The master's thesis concerns the decisions of the imperial policy-makers in their Danish foreign policy during the crisis that culminated in the dissolution of the Nordic union of Kalmar during the years 1521-24. The sources consist of printed sources that mainly are collections of letters and diplomas, and additionally, acquaintance has been made with studies treating the subject. The aim of the study was to clarify the objectives, means and execution of the imperial policy and what priorizations did they make between the different objectives. Also, the part played by Denmark in the imperial foreign policy in general was to be assessed. Particularly, the aim was to find out and state a hierarchy between the importance of the different objectives by analyzing the choices made. It was observed that the continuing of peaceful relations in the North was clearly preferred in the imperial policy, especially as their war against France drew out. A war was seen as deteriorating the freedom of action of the main ally, king Christian II, and an armed conflict was to be prevented. The conceived impossibilty to intervene with armed forces to Christian's favour forced the imperial side to postpone their objectives in the fields of dynastical and alliance policy. In comparison to these, less weight was given to maintaining the rights and position of the empire and the rights granted in its name. To the Habsburgs, maintaining the economical embargo of Sweden, run forcefully by Christian II, was the least preferred objective. In light of the results of the master's thesis, the conceived priorities of the Northern European policy adopted by the imperial side resembled their political priorities in general.

Potentiality of phosphorylation of BRCA1 at Ser 1524 to activate p21 in response to X-ray irradiation

The breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein, which functions as a tumor suppressor gene. Many studies suggested that multiple functions of BRCA1 may contribute to its tumor suppressor activity, including roles in cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis and transcription. It is postulated that phosphorylation of BRCA1 is an important means by which its cellular functions are regulated. In this study, we employed phospho-Ser-specific antibody recognizing Ser-1524 to study BRCA1 phosphorylation under conditions of DNA damage and the effects of phosphorylation on BRCA1 functions. The results showed that 10 Gy X-ray treatment significantly induced phosphorylation of Ser-1524 but not total BRCA1 protein levels. The expression both of p53 and p21 increased after irradiation, but ionizing radiation (IR) -induced activation of p21 was prior to that of p53. The percentages of G0/G1 phase remarkably increased after IR. In addition, no detectable levels of 89 kDa fragment of PARP, a marker of apoptotic cells, were observed. Data implied that IR-induced phosphorylation of BRCA1 at Ser-1524 might activatep21 protein, by which BRCA1 regulated cell cycle, but play no role in apoptosis.

As vias de sucessão no estado português da Índia (1524-1581)

A presente dissertação procura esclarecer as origens das “vias de sucessão”, o respectivo modelo de funcionamento e qual a sua importância no sistema político do Estado Português da Índia, desde a data da sua implementação por D. João III, em 1524, até ao início da dinastia Filipina. Na base deste sistema estava o pressuposto de que um governador do Estado Português da Índia podia falecer durante o seu mandato, pelo que era necessário o rei assegurar, a priori, a sua hipotética sucessão, sem deixar a mesma nas mãos dos nobres presentes na Índia, que, provavelmente, nunca conseguiriam chegar a um consenso sobre quem deveria assumir o poder, por aspirarem ao mesmo. Procuramos, assim, compreender de que modo este sistema funcionava, não sem antes recuarmos ao reinado de D. Manuel I, para tentarmos indagar de que forma o Venturoso asseguraria uma hipotética sucessão de um governador do Estado Português da Índia, caso esta tivesse sido necessária. Deste modo, tentaremos perceber se o sistema criado em 1524 resultou de uma ideia inovadora de D. João III ou se, pelo contrário, este sistema já existia anteriormente e em outros espaços, limitando-se este monarca a transplantar o mesmo para a Índia. Com a questão do surgimento deste sistema de sucessão esclarecida, procedermos, então, à análise do funcionamento do mesmo e tentar-se-á concluir se este sistema se revelou, a longo prazo, eficaz para assegurar a sucessão no governo do Estado Português da Índia. Partindo de uma análise comparativa dos sistemas de sucessão existentes nas outras zonas do Império Português, no momento da entronização de D. João III, em 1521, pretendemos explicar de que forma o sistema das vias de sucessão surgiu na Índia e se desenvolveu e contribuir, assim, para um maior conhecimento do funcionamento da administração do Estado Português da Índia.