Ação de minhocas Eisenia foetida sobre a dissipação dos herbicidas simazina e paraquat aplicados no solo

Geralmente, os herbicidas são aplicados diretamente no solo, razão pela qual entram em contato direto com organismos deste ambiente, dentre eles as minhocas, as quais pelo metabolismo podem agir sobre resíduos desses compostos. Tomando minhocas da espécie Eisenia foetida como exemplo, determinaram-se a dissipação dos 14C-herbicidas (simazina e paraquat) e a bioacumulação destes compostos em seus tecidos, a partir de solo tratado com as concentrações recomendadas e, no caso do paraquat, também com concentrações superiores. Solo e minhocas foram analisados por extração com solventes e técnicas radiométricas, após 30 ou 90 dias de contato. As minhocas alteraram a dissipação do simazina, visto que houve 100 % de recuperação do radiocarbono na ausência de minhocas e 90 % na presença dos animais. Além disso, elas acumularam resíduos e, ou, metabólitos de simazina em seus tecidos, tendo-se detectado Fator de Bioacumulação (FB) de 1,45 e 1,17 após exposição ao solo tratado durante 30 e 90 dias, respectivamente. Por outro lado, a presença de minhocas não alterou o comportamento do herbicida paraquat aplicado ao solo, mas houve bioacumulação crescente de seus resíduos e, ou, metabólitos com o aumento da dose de tratamento (FB de 0,5; 3,2 e 5,5, respectivamente, nas concentrações recomendadas, 10 e 100 vezes superior).

Paleolítico médio e superior em Portugal: datas 14C, estado actual dos conhecimentos,síntese e duscussão

New radiocarbon measurements were obtained from middle and upper Paleolithic sites currently under research by the CEPUNL, in well defined stratigraphical situations. With other dates, they yield an approximative chronological global view. Measurement distribution in function of time does not seem to be an hazardous one. In the actual status of our knowledge, this distribution seems to fit in some assemblages: (a) 14000 to 15000 BP, Solutrean; (b) about 20 000 BP, Solutrean; (c) circa 25 000 BP, already Solutrean, and slightly older than 26 000 BP, still Mousterian; (d) between 29 000 and 31 000 BP, Mousterian. The persistance of Mousterian much later than its acknowledged upper limit at about 34 000 BP (and hence the survival of its neanderthalian authors) is demonstrated. For the first time it has been possible to ascertain the upper time limit of the marine 5-8 metres raised beach (Tyrrhenian III) at Serra da Arrábida, and also the age of archaeological sites without stone artifacts, or with uncharacteristic ones. The obtained measurements allow US to correlate localities and sedimentary units with last glaciation events. There seems to have been a distinct correlation between cave and shelter human occupation and events marked by the worsening of climate.

Radiometric studies on the oxidation of (1-14c) fatty acids by drug-susceptible and drug-resistant mycobacteria

A radiometric assay system has been used to study oxidation patterns of (1-14C) fatty acids by drug-susceptible and drug-resistant organisms of the genus Mycobacterium. Two strains of M. tuberculosis susceptible to all drugs, H37Rv and Erdman, were used. Drug-resistant organisms included in this investigation were M. tuberculosis H37Rv resistant to 5 ug/ml isoniazid, M. bovis, M. avium, M. intracellular, M. kansasii and M. chelonei. The organisms were inoculated in sterile reaction vials containing liquid 7H9 medium, 10% ADC enrichment and 1.0 uCi of one of the (1-14C) fatty acids (butyric, hexánoic, octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic). Vials were incubated at 37°C and the 14CO2 envolved was measured daily for 3 days with a Bactec R-301 instrument. Although each individual organism displayed a different pattern of fatty oxidation, these patterns were not distinctive enough for identification of the organism. No combination of fatty acids nor preferential oxidation of long chain or of short chain fatty acids were able to separate susceptible from resistant organisms. Further investigation with a larger number of drug susceptible mycobacteria including assimilation studies and oxidation of other substrates may be required to achieve a distinction between drug-susceptible and drug-resistant mycobacteria.

Radiometric studies on the oxidation of (U-14C) L-amino acids by drug-susceptible and drug-resistant mycobacteria

A radiometric assay system has been used to study oxidation patterns of (U-14C) L-amino acids by drug-susceptible and drug-resistant mycobacteria. Drug-susceptible M. tuberculosis (H37Rv TMC 102 and Erdman) along with the drug-resistant organism M. tuberculosis (H37 Rv TMC 303), M. bovis, M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. kansasii and M. chelonei were used. The organisms were inoculated into a sterile reaction system with liquid 7H9 medium and one of the (U-14C) L-amino acids. Each organism displayed a different pattern of amino acid oxidation, but these patterns were not distinctive enough for identification of the organism. Complex amino acids such as proline, phenylalanine and tyrosine were of no use in identification of mycobacteria, since virtually all organisms failed to oxidize them. There was no combination of substrates able to separate susceptible from resistant organisms.

Paleolítico médio e superior em Portugal: datas 14C, estado actual dos conhecimentos, síntese e discussão

New radiocarbon measurements were obtained from middle and upper Paleolithic sites currendy under research by the CEPUNL, in well defined stratigraphical situations. With other dates, they yield an approximative chronological global view. Measurement dístribution in function of time does not seem to be an hazardous one. ln the actual status of our knowledge, this distribution seems to fit in some assemblages: (a) 14000 to 15000 BP, Solurrean ; (b) about 20 000 BP, Solurrean ; (e) area 25 000 BP, already Solurrean, and slightly older than 26 000 BP, still Mousterian ; (d) between 29 000 and 31 000 BP, Mousterian. The persistance of Mousterian much later than its acknowledged upper limit at about 34 000 BP (and hence the survival of its neanderthalian authors) is demonstrated. For the first time it has been possible to ascertain the upper time limit of the marine 5-8 metres raised beach (Tyrrhenian III) at Serra da Arrábida, and also the age of archaeological sires wirhout srone arrifacts, or with uncharacteristic ones. The obtained measurements allow us to correlate localities and sedimentary units with last glaciation events. There seems to have been a distinct correlation between cave and shelter human occupation and events marked by the worsening of climate.

VALIDATION OF 14C-UREA BREATH TEST FOR DIAGNOSIS OF Helicobacter pylori

The aim of this study was to validate the 14C-urea breath test for use in diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Thirty H. pylori positive patients, based on histologic test and thirty H. pylori negative patients by histology and anti-H. pylori IgG entered the study. Fasting patients drank 5 uCi of 14C-urea in 20 ml of water. Breath samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min. The difference of cpm values between the two groups was significant at all the time intervals, besides time 0 (p<0.0001). At 20 min, the test gave 100% sensitivity and specificity with a cut-off value of 562 cpm. Females were higher expirers than males (p=0.005). 14C-urea breath test is highly accurate for Helicobacter pylori diagnosis. It is fast, simple and should be the non-invasive test used after treating Helicobacter pylori infection.

Dissipação de simazina em solo por ação de minhocas (Eisenia foetida)

O solo abriga grande diversidade de organismos macroscópicos e microscópicos, que competem entre si pelos recursos disponíveis. Visando ao aumento da produtividade agrícola, utilizam-se, cada vez mais, fertilizantes e pesticidas que provocam alterações no ambiente edáfico. Dentre os organismos macroscópicos, destacam-se as minhocas, pela quantidade e importância nas características do solo. Determinou-se a CL50(14 dias) e avaliou-se a ação de minhocas na persistência, transformação e bioacumulação de simazina a partir de solo tratado com o herbicida. As minhocas foram sensíveis à simazina [CL50(14 dias) de 54 mg IA kg-1 de solo], acumularam o produto ou seus metabólitos em seus tecidos (FB = 1,03), quando expostos a concentrações menores que a CL50, e diminuíram a formação de resíduos ligados ao solo (cerca de 23 e 33% em solos com e sem minhocas, respectivamente).

Open to closed system transition traced through the TDIC isotopic signature at the aquifer recharge stage, implications for groundwater 14C dating

14C dating models are limited when considering recent groundwater for which the carbon isotopic signature of the total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) is mainly acquired in the unsaturated zone. Reducing the uncertainties of dating thus implies a better identification of the processes controlling the carbon isotopic composition of the TDIC during groundwater recharge. Geochemical interactions between gas, water and carbonates in the unsaturated zone were investigated for two aquifers (the carbonate-free Fontainebleau sands and carbonate-bearing Astian sands, France) in order to identify the respective roles of CO2 and carbonates on the carbon isotopic signatures of the TDIC; this analysis is usually approached using open or closed system terms. Under fully open system conditions, the seasonality of the 13C values in the soil CO2 can lead to important uncertainties regarding the so-called "initial 14C activity" used in 14C correction models. In a carbonate-bearing unsaturated zone such as in the Astian aquifer, we show that an approach based on fully open or closed system conditions is not appropriate. Although the chemical saturation between water and calcite occurs rapidly within the first metre of the unsaturated zone, the carbon isotopic contents (δ13C) of the CO2 and the TDIC evolve downward, impacted by the dissolution-precipitation of the carbonates. In this study, we propose a numerical approach to describe this evolution. The δ13C and the A 14C (radiocarbon activity) of the TDIC at the base of the carbonate-hearing unsaturated zone depends on (i) the δ13C and the A 14C of the TDIC in the soil determined by the soil CO2, (ii) the water's residence time in the unsaturated zone and (iii) the carbonate precipitation-dissolution fluxes. In this type of situation, the carbonate δ13C-A 14C evolutions indicate the presence of secondary calcite and permit the calculation of its accretion flux, equal to ~ 4.5 ± 0.5 x 10-9 mol grock-1 yr-1. More generally, for other sites under temperate climate and with similar properties to the Astian sands site, this approach allows for a reliable determination of the carbon isotopic composition at the base of the unsaturated zone as the indispensable "input function" data of the carbon cycle into the aquifer.

Dynamics of 14C-labeled glucose and ammonium in saline arable soils

Organic matter dynamics and nutrient availability in saline agricultural soils of the State of Guanajuato might provide information for remediation strategies. 14C labeled glucose with or without 200 mg kg-1 of NH4+-N soil was added to two clayey agricultural soils with different electrolytic conductivity (EC), i.e. 0.94 dS m-1 (low EC; LEC) and 6.72 dS m-1 (high EC; HEC), to investigate the effect of N availability and salt content on organic material decomposition. Inorganic N dynamics and production of CO2 and 14CO2 were monitored. Approximately 60 % of the glucose-14C added to LEC soil evolved as 14CO2, but only 20 % in HEC soil after the incubation period of 21 days. After one day, < 200 mg 14C was extractable from LEC soil, but > 500 mg 14C from HEC soil. No N mineralization occurred in the LEC and HEC soils and glucose addition reduced the concentrations of inorganic N in unamended soil and soil amended with NH4+-N. The NO2- and NO3- concentrations were on average higher in LEC than in HEC soil, with exception of NO2- in HEC amended with NH4+-N. It was concluded that increases in soil EC reduced mineralization of the easily decomposable C substrate and resulted in N-depleted soil.

Patterns of dry matter partitioning and 14C-photosynthate allocation in 1.5-year-old Scots pine seedlings

Summary

Degradação de 14C-atrazina em solo sob condições semicontroladas

Objetivou-se neste trabalho, avaliar a mineralização e a formação de resíduos extraível e não-extraível de 14C-atrazina em um solo intensivamente utilizado para fins agrícolas no Estado de São Paulo. Atrazina radiomarcada foi aplicada (5 L ha-1 ou 2 mg kg-1 de i.a.) em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, álico, A moderado, textura média. Frascos erlenmeyer contendo 200 g (peso seco) do solo assim preparado e com umidade ajustada para 2/3 da capacidade de campo foram enterrados na Estação Experimental de Lisímetros do CENA-USP, onde se iniciou, ao mesmo tempo, uma plantação de milho. O 14CO2 desprendido foi avaliado a cada 15 dias, durante 150 dias, e atingiu, no final desse período de incubação, 36% da atividade total aplicada, e meia-vida de 168 dias. Os resíduos formados no solo foram determinados, em termos de dessorção, com o uso de cloreto de cálcio, e, em termos de extração, com o sistema-solvente acetonitrila/água (80:20); os resíduos não-extraíveis foram avaliados por combustão. Durante o período de incubação, os resíduos extraíveis diminuíram para 1/3, enquanto os resíduos ligados (não-extraíveis) permaneceram ao redor de 34%. Os metabólitos foram identificados por cromatografia em camada delgada, e foram detectadas, nas frações dessorvidas, hidroxiatrazina (44%), desisopropilatrazina (3,28%) e atrazina (52,72%) e nas frações extraídas, hidroxiatrazina (16,22%), desisopropilatrazina (2,25%), desetilatrazina (2,24%) e atrazina (79,29%). Conclui-se que a mineralização ocorreu somente na fração de resíduos extraíveis e foi favorecida pelas condições de incubação, em que o principal fator foi a variação de temperatura.

Controls on 13C and 14C variability in soil CO2

14C dating of groundwater depends on the isotopic composition of both the solid carbonate and the soil CO2 and requires the use of 14C age correction models. To better assess the variability of the 14C activity of soil CO2 (A14Csoil-CO2) and the δ13C of soil CO2 (δ13Csoil-CO2), which are two parameters used in 14C age correction models, we studied the different processes involving carbon isotopes in the soil. The approach used experimental data from two sites in France (Fontainebleau sands and Astian sands) and a steady-state transport model. In most cases, the 14C activity (A14C) of atmospheric CO2 is directly used in the 14C age correction models as the A14Csoil-CO2. However, we demonstrate that since 1950, the evolution of the A14Csoil-CO2 reflects the competition between the fluxes of root-derived CO2 and organic matter-derived CO2. Therefore, the A14Csoil-CO2 must be used to date groundwater that is younger than 60 years old. Moreover, the δ13C of soil CO2 (δ13Csoil-CO2) showed large seasonal variations that must be taken into account in selecting the δ13Csoil-CO2 for 14C age correction models.