A 250 μg/week dose of vitamin D was as effective as a 50 μg/d dose in healthy adults, but a regimen of four weekly followed by monthly doses of 1250 μg raised the risk of hypercalciuria

The risk of vitamin D insufficiency is increased in persons having limited sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D. Supplementation compliance might be improved with larger doses taken less often, but this may increase the potential for side effects. The objective of the present study was to determine whether a weekly or weekly/monthly regimen of vitamin D supplementation is as effective as daily supplementation without increasing the risk of side effects. Participants were forty-eight healthy adults who were randomly assigned for 3 months to placebo or one of three supplementation regimens: 50 μg/d (2000 IU/d, analysed dose 70 μg/d), 250 μg/week (10 000 IU/week, analysed dose 331 μg/week) or 1250 μg/week (50 000 IU/week, analysed dose 1544 μg/week) for 4 weeks and then 1250 μg/month for 2 months. Daily and weekly doses were equally effective at increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which was significantly greater than baseline in all the supplemented groups after 30 d of treatment. Subjects in the 1250 μg treatment group, who had a BMI >26 kg/m2, had a steady increase in urinary Ca in the first 3 weeks of supplementation, and, overall, the relative risk of hypercalciuria was higher in the 1250 μg group than in the placebo group (P= 0·01). Although vitamin D supplementation remains a controversial issue, these data document that supplementing with ≤ 250 μg/week ( ≤ 10 000 IU/week) can improve or maintain vitamin D status in healthy populations without the risk of hypercalciuria, but 24 h urinary Ca excretion should be evaluated in healthy persons receiving vitamin D3 supplementation in weekly single doses of 1250 μg (50 000 IU).

The Little Ice Age: glacier variations and climate since AD 1250 [abstract]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): During the past hundred years, mountain glaciers throughout the world have retreated significantly from moraines built during the previous several centuries. In the 1930s, Francois Matthes of the U.S. Geological Survey concluded that the moraines represent the greatest advances of glaciers since the end of the last glacial age, some 10,000 years earlier, and informally referred to this late Holocene interval of expanded ice cover as the Little Ice Age.

Lordship and the peasant economy, c.1250-c.1400: Robert Kyng and the Abbot of Bury St Edmunds

Schofield, P. (2007). Lordship and the peasant economy, c.1250-c.1400: Robert Kyng and the Abbot of Bury St Edmunds. Past and Present. 195(Sup. 2), pp.53-68. RAE2008

Landulfi de Columna, Canonici Carnotensis, breviarium historiarum à creatione mundi ad annum Christi 1250. suppletum est chronicum non uno in loco ex libro Joannis de Columna, qui inscribitur : Mare historiarum.

Mazarinaeus

Les usages du français par les autorités publiques dans le Hainaut : de 1250 à l'arrivée des ducs de Bourgogne (1436)

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Il cuneo di san Bernardo. Le reti cistercensi nel nord della penisola iberica: il caso galiziano (1142-1250)

Abstract (Ita): La tesi si propone l'obiettivo di analizzare l'affermazione del monachesimo cistercense nel nord della penisola iberica a cavallo tra XII e XIII secolo con particolare attenzione alla Galizia, una regione caratterizzata da una fortissima concorrenza tra i “poteri” presenti sul territorio. Attraverso l'analisi delle fonti edite ed inedite di tre monasteri cistercensi dislocati da nord a sud su tutto il territorio galiziano (Sobrado nell'arcidiocesi di Compostela, Meira nella diocesi di Lugo e Melón nella diocesi di Tuy), con il supporto della documentazione di altre cinque abbazie galiziane dell'Ordine di Cîteaux (Monfero, Armenteira, Oseira, Montederramo e Oya) e avvalendosi della più recente storiografia internazionale, la ricerca approfondisce i rapporti tra i monaci bianchi e la monarchia castellano-leonesa, le grandi famiglie aristocratiche (specialmente i Traba), la piccola aristocrazia locale dei milites e dei proprietari fondiari, gli heredes, il mondo ecclesiastico locale (sia le relazioni con l'episcopato sia con gli altri cenobi presenti sul territorio) e il mondo urbano in grande fermento nel corso del XII secolo analogamente ad altre aree d'Europa, mostrando come i monaci bianchi furono capaci di elaborare modelli di sviluppo diversi nelle varie aree della Galizia.

An ice-core based history of Siberian forest fires since AD 1250

Forest fires play a key role in the global carbon cycle and thus, can affect regional and global climate. Although fires in extended areas of Russian boreal forests have a considerable influence on atmospheric greenhouse gas and soot concentrations, estimates of their impact on climate are hampered by a lack of data on the history of forest fires. Especially regions with strong continental climate are of high importance due to an intensified development of wildfires. In this study we reconstruct the fire history of Southern Siberia during the past 750 years using ice-core based nitrate, potassium, and charcoal concentration records from Belukha glacier in the continental Siberian Altai. A period of exceptionally high forest-fire activity was observed between AD 1600 and 1680, following an extremely dry period AD 1540-1600. Ice-core pollen data suggest distinct forest diebacks and the expansion of steppe in response to dry climatic conditions. Coherence with a paleoenvironmental record from the 200 km distant Siberian lake Teletskoye shows that the vegetational shift AD 1540-1680, the increase in fire activity AD 1600-1680, and the subsequent recovery of forests AD 1700 were of regional significance. Dead biomass accumulation in response to drought and high temperatures around AD 1600 probably triggered maximum forest-fire activity AD 1600-1680. The extreme dry period in the 16th century was also observed at other sites in Central Asia and is possibly associated with a persistent positive mode of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). No significant increase in biomass burning occurred in the Altai region during the last 300 years, despite strongly increasing temperatures and human activities. Our results imply that precipitation changes controlled fire-regime and vegetation shifts in the Altai region during the past 750 years. We conclude that high sensitivity of ecosystems to occasional decadal-scale drought events may trigger unprecedented environmental reorganizations under global-warming conditions.