956 resultados para 10-45 µm
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In this paper, the deposition of C-20 fullerenes on a diamond (001)-(2x1) surface and the fabrication of C-20 thin film at 100 K were investigated by a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using the many-body Brenner bond order potential. First, we found that the collision dynamic of a single C-20 fullerene on a diamond surface was strongly dependent on its impact energy. Within the energy range 10-45 eV, the C-20 fullerene chemisorbed on the surface retained its free cage structure. This is consistent with the experimental observation, where it was called the memory effect in "C-20-type" films [P. Melion , Int. J. Mod. B 9, 339 (1995); P. Milani , Cluster Beam Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials (Springer, Berlin, 1999)]. Next, more than one hundred C-20 (10-25 eV) were deposited one after the other onto the surface. The initial growth stage of C-20 thin film was observed to be in the three-dimensional island mode. The randomly deposited C-20 fullerenes stacked on diamond surface and acted as building blocks forming a polymerlike structure. The assembled film was also highly porous due to cluster-cluster interaction. The bond angle distribution and the neighbor-atom-number distribution of the film presented a well-defined local order, which is of sp(3) hybridization character, the same as that of a free C-20 cage. These simulation results are again in good agreement with the experimental observation. Finally, the deposited C-20 film showed high stability even when the temperature was raised up to 1500 K.
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Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*1501 and other class II alleles influence susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS), but their contribution if any to the clinical course of MS remains uncertain. Here, we have investigated DRB1 alleles in a large sample of 1230 Australian MS cases, with some enrichment for subjects with primary progressive (PPMS) disease (n = 246) and 1210 healthy controls. Using logistic regression, we found that DRB1*1501 was strongly associated with risk (P = 7 x 10-45), as expected, and after adjusting for DRB1*1501, a predisposing effect was also observed for DRB1*03 (P = 5 x 10-7). Individuals homozygous for either DRB1*15 or DRB1*03 were considerably more at risk of MS than heterozygotes and non-carriers. Both the DRB1*04 and the DRB1*01/DRB1*15 genotype combination, respectively, protected against PPMS in comparison to subjects with relapsing disease. Together, these data provide further evidence of heterogeneity at the DRB1 locus and confirm the importance of HLA variants in the phenotypic expression of MS.
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A new deposition technique-inductively coupled plasma-assisted RF magnetron sputtering has been developed to fabricate SiC nanoislanded films. In this system, the plasma production and magnetron sputtering can be controlled independently during the discharge. The deposited SiC nanoislanded films are highly uniform, have excellent stoichiometry, have a typical size of 10-45 nm, and contain small (∼ 6 nm) cubic SiC nanocrystallites embedded in an amorphous SiC matrix.
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This study is based on the multidiciplinary approach of using natural colorants as textile dyes. The author was interested in both the historical and traditional aspects of natural dyeing as well as the modern industrial applications of the pure natural compounds. In the study, the anthraquinone compounds were isolated as aglycones from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Dermocybe sanguinea. The endogenous beta-glucosidase of the fungus was used to catalyse the hydrolysis of the O-glycosyl linkage in emodin- and dermocybin-1-beta-D-glucopyranosides. The method, in which 10.45 kg of fresh fungi was starting material, yielded two fractions: 56.0 g of Fraction 1 (94% of the total amount of pigment,) consisting almost exclusively of the main pigments emodin and dermocybin, and 3.3 g of Fraction 2 (6%) consisting mainly of the anthraquinone carboxylic acids. The anthraquinone compounds in Fractions 1 and 2 were separated by one- and two-dimensional thin-layer-chromatography (TLC) using silica plates. 1D TLC showed that neither an acidic nor a basic solvent system alone separated completely all the anthraquinones isolated from D. sanguinea, in spite of the variation of the rations of the solvent components in the systems. Thus, a new 2D TLC technique was developed, applying n-pentanol-pyridine-methanol (6:4:3, v/v/v) and toluene-ethyl acetate-ethanol-formic acid (10:8:1:2, v/v/v/v) as eluents. Fifteen different anthraquinone derivatives were completely separated from one another. Emodin, physcion, endocrocin, dermolutein, dermorubin, 5-chlorodermorubin, emodin-1-beta-D-glucopyranoside, dermocybin-1-beta-D-glucopyranoside and dermocybin, and five new compounds, not earlier identified in D. sanguinea, 7-chloroemodin, 5,7-dichloroemodin, 5,7-dichloroendocrocin, 4-hydroxyaustrocorticone and austrocorticone, were separated and identified on the basis of their Rf-values, UV/Vis spectra and mass spectra. One substance remained unidentified, because of its very low concentration. The anthraquinones in Fractions 1 and 2 were preparatively separeted by liquid-liquid partition, with isopropylmethyl ketone and aqueous phosphate buffer as the solvent system. Advantage was taken of the principle of stepwise pH-gradient elution. The multiple liquid-liquid partition (MLLP) offered an excellent method for the preparative separation of compounds, which contain acidic groups such as the phenolic OH and COOH groups. Due to their strong aggregation properties, these compounds are, without derivatization, very difficult to separate on a preparative scale by chromatographic methods. By the MLLP method remarkable separations were achieved for the components in each mixture. Emodin and dermocybin were both obtained from Fraction 1 in a purity of at least 99%. Pure emodin and dermocybin were applied as mordant dyes to wool and polyamide and as disperse dyes to polyester and polyamide, using the high temperature (HT) technique. A mixture of dermorubin and 5-chlorodermorubin was applied as an acid dye to wool. In these experiments, synthetic dyes were used as references. Experiments were also performed using water extract of the air-dried fungi as dye liquor for wool and silk. The main colouring compounds in the crude water extract were emodin and dermocybin, which indicated that the O-glycosyl linkages in emodin- and dermocybin-1-beta-D-glucopyranosides were broken by the beta-glucosidase enzyme. Apparently, the hydrolysis occurred during the drying of the fungi and during the soaking of the dried fruit bodies overnight when preparing the dyebath. The colour of each dyed material was investigated in terms of the CIELAB L*, a* and b* values, and the colour fastness to light, washing and rubbing was tested according to the ISO standards. In the mordant dyeing experiments, emodin dyed wool and polyamide yellow and red, depending on the pH of the dyebath. Dermocybin gave purple and violet colours. The colour fastness of the mordant-dyed fabrics varied from good to moderate. The fastness properties of the natural anthraquinone carboxylic acids on wool were good, indicating the strength of the ionic bonds between the COO- groups of the dyes and the NH3+ groups of the fibres. In the disperse dyeing experiments, emodin dyed polyester bright yellow and dermocybin bright reddish-orange, and the fabrics showed excellent colour fastness. In contrast, emodin and dermocybin successfully dyed polyamide brownish-orange and wine-red, respectively, but with only moderate fastness. In industrial dyeing processes, natural anthraquinone aglycone mixtures dyed wool and silk well even at low concentrations of mordants, i.e. with 10% of the weight of the fibre (owf) of KAl(SO4)2 and 1 or 0.5% owf of other mordants. This study showed that purified natural anthraquinone compounds can produce bright hues with good colour-fastness properties in different textile materials. Natural anthraquinones have a significant potential for new dyeing techniques and will provide useful alternatives to synthetic dyes.
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Background When we are viewing natural scenes, every saccade abruptly changes both the mean luminance and the contrast structure falling on any given retinal location. Thus it would be useful if the two were independently encoded by the visual system, even when they change simultaneously. Recordings from single neurons in the cat visual system have suggested that contrast information may be quite independently represented in neural responses to simultaneous changes in contrast and luminance. Here we test to what extent this is true in human perception. Methodology/Principal Findings Small contrast stimuli were presented together with a 7-fold upward or downward step of mean luminance (between 185 and 1295 Td, corresponding to 14 and 98 cd/m2), either simultaneously or with various delays (50–800 ms). The perceived contrast of the target under the different conditions was measured with an adaptive staircase method. Over the contrast range 0.1–0.45, mainly subtractive attenuation was found. Perceived contrast decreased by 0.052±0.021 (N = 3) when target onset was simultaneous with the luminance increase. The attenuation subsided within 400 ms, and even faster after luminance decreases, where the effect was also smaller. The main results were robust against differences in target types and the size of the field over which luminance changed. Conclusions/Significance Perceived contrast is attenuated mainly by a subtractive term when coincident with a luminance change. The effect is of ecologically relevant magnitude and duration; in other words, strict contrast constancy must often fail during normal human visual behaviour. Still, the relative robustness of the contrast signal is remarkable in view of the limited dynamic response range of retinal cones. We propose a conceptual model for how early retinal signalling may allow this.
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Se realizó un estudio sobre fertilización N-P_K en el cultivo de cebolla (Allium cepaL) cv Tcro White, en terrenos de la cooperativa “Leonel Valdivia del Valle de Sebaco, entre los meses de Noviembre 1989- Marzo 1986, con el objetivo de determinar que tratamiento induce el mejor comportamiento agronómico y produce la mejor relación beneficio coste. Se estudiaron cuatro niveles de Nitrógeno (0, 50,y 150 kg /ha) tres de fosforo (0,50 y 100 kg/ha), y tres de potasio (3,20 y 40 kg/ha). Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se utilizó un diseño de bloques Completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones, los tratamientos evaluados se obtuvieron mediante un arreglo combinatorio de un trifactorial modificado. Se determinó que el tratamiento 100-100-20 kilogramos por hectárea de Nitrógeno, Fosforo y potasio respectivamente presentó la mejor estabilidad, ya que siempre indujo a obtener respuesta agronómicas, además de producir la mejor relación beneficio consto obteniendo un ingreso neto de C$ 1.158.188.6/ha con una tasa de retorno marginal de C$ 10.45 por cada córdoba invertido.
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Artikulu honetan Markowitz-en eredua azaltzen da. Hasieratik Markowitz-en ereduak garrantzia handia izan du teorikoki, garapen eta eratorri ugari eraginez. Gainera, finantza aktiboen merkatuko oreka teoria desberdinen oinarria ere izan dela esan daiteke. Dena den, karteren kudeatzaile eta analisigileen artean praktikan duen erabileran ez da teorian izan duen adina arrakastatsua izan. Egindako ikerketa enpirikoan Markowitz-en ereduak merkatuko erreferentzia karterak (IBEX-35 eta IGBM) gainditzeko gai diren karterak ematen ditu alde batetik. Eta bestetik, IBEX-35 eta IGBM ez dira kartera eraginkorrak eta ez dute merkatuko kartera teorikoaren portaera islatzen.
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籽粒的灌浆是将光合器官合成的有机物贮存在籽粒中的过程。这一过程直接决定了籽粒的产量及品质。先前研究表明灌浆籽粒中贮存物质的累积是各种代谢活动和细胞学过程协同作用的结果,但灌浆的分子机制目前还不是非常清楚。水稻是研究籽粒灌浆的优良模式材料,不仅因为它是世界上最重要的淀粉食物来源,更重要的是其全基因组的测序完成为分子机制的研究带来极大的便利。我们对发育水稻籽粒的观察表明在开花后6 天,籽粒就已完成了胚的分化和胚乳的细胞化;此后籽粒经历了一个显著的细胞增大过程,并在开花后12 天左右达到成熟籽粒的大小;而籽粒的灌浆过程起始于开花后6 天,这个过程一直持续到开花后20 天。因此,我们将开花后6 天到20 天的籽粒分为8 个连续的发育阶段进行动态的蛋白质组分析,396个蛋白点的表达在灌浆过程中发生了两倍以上变化。质谱鉴定得到的345 个差异表达的蛋白划分为10 个不同的功能类别。其中新陈代谢类(45%)和蛋白合成/终点(destination)类(20%)两个功能类别中就包括了大多数的差异表达蛋白,预示着这两类蛋白在籽粒发育中的重要性。蛋白功能群的表达分析显示与淀粉合成和乙醇发酵相关的蛋白在发育过程中大幅度的上调,而与碳代谢中心过程(糖酵解和三羧酸循环)相关蛋白呈现明显的下调趋势。大多数的功能类或(亚类)也呈现出下调的表达趋势,如细胞生长/分裂类,蛋白合成类,水解类,信号传导类和转录类。蛋白表达分析的结果表明蛋白的表达随籽粒的发育发生了显著的变化,这些变化与籽粒在不同阶段的发育和代谢过程密切相关并协调一致,是细胞从生长分裂过渡到以淀粉合成为中心的物质基础。同时也说明代谢重点由中心碳代谢向乙醇发酵的转变对于籽粒的发育和淀粉的合成与累积具有重要意义。 籽粒发育的研究表明在长到成熟籽粒大小后(开花后12 天),籽粒的代谢集中到淀粉累积途径上,一直持续到进入脱水期(18 天),绝大多数淀粉合成相关蛋白在这期间到达表达的顶点。为了解淀粉累积关键时期淀粉合成关键部位(胚乳)的发育规律,我们进一步应用DIGE 技术对这一淀粉累积关键时期(灌浆中后期,开花后12 到18 天)的蛋白表达特性进行分析。细胞学的观察发现胚乳在灌浆后期先后经历了过氧化氢的爆发、半透明胚乳的形成以及胚乳细胞死亡事件。相应的DIGE 分析显示有321 个蛋白点在胚乳的后期发育中发生了显著的表达变化。细胞学的观察结合DIGE 分析显示胚乳的后期发育是一个典型的衰老过程:细胞结构的崩溃;氧化自由基的爆发;脱水干燥;蛋白、脂类和DNA 由同化作用向异化作用的代谢转化。与代谢转化相伴随的细胞营养的重新分配是胚乳后期发育的一个显著过程。DIGE分析全面展示了参与营养重新分配相关蛋白在后期发育中的表达变化,为细胞学中观察到的有机物向淀粉的转化提供了清晰的蛋白水平的证据支持。在鉴定的差异表达蛋白中有2/3 的蛋白是已知的对氧化电位变化敏感的蛋白,表明由H2O2 爆发形成的氧化压力将引起氧化还原调控从而对胚乳的后期发育进行全面的影响。而其中与碳元素代谢相关的代谢途径中尤其富含氧化还原电位敏感的蛋白,表明后期的营养重新分配以及淀粉的累积受到氧化还原电位的紧密调控。另一方面,H2O2 的爆发激发了胚乳中的抗氧化体系。由抗氧化蛋白(如thioredoxin、抗坏血酸和超氧化物歧化酶等)、氧化还原敏感蛋白、代谢中间产物以及glyoxalase 构成的抗氧化体系在胚乳后期发育中协同作用调节氧化还原电位的变化,从而控制胚乳细胞衰老的节奏。另外,我们发现与RraA 相关的转录本的调控在胚乳发育末期急剧上调,在调控的代谢途径、调控时间以及调控的部位与氧化还原调控相重叠,并且支持RraA 活动有利于胚乳细胞对氧化压力的适应。所有这些结果表明内生的过氧化氢(或氧化自由基)在胚乳的后期发育和淀粉累积中起到核心的调控作用。
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1987年在滇金丝猴胃中获得一批线虫标本。经鉴定, 属于毛首线虫科(Trichuride Railliet, 1915), 毛首线虫属的一新种, 定名为T. rhinopithecus sp. nov.。 全部标本收藏在中国科学院昆明动物研究所灵长类生物学研究室。图版11表1参 9
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菲氏叶猴较大的个体出现了相对小的门齿. 而臼齿, 特别是M3的面积则随个 体的增大而增大, 这种与菲氏叶猴在摄取叶类食物过程中臼齿嚼磨起主要作用 相关。整个食物嚼磨过程中, 菲氏叶猴的下颌似乎主要作左右(颊一舌侧)方向 运动。菲氏叶猴芽齿与个体大小的相关关系更接近于橄榄疣猴。图5表2参20