A segunda lei da termodinâmica

Considering intrinsic characteristics of the system exclusively, both statistical and information theory interpretations of the second law are used to provide more comprehensive meanings for the concepts of entropy, temperature, and Helmholtz and Gibbs energies. The coherence of Clausius inequality to these concepts is emphasized. The aim of this work is to re-discuss the second law of thermodynamics in accordance to homogeneous processes thermodynamics, a temporal science which is the very special oversimplification of continuum mechanics for spatially constant intensive properties.

A formulação ab-initio da segunda lei da termodinâmica

This paper deals with Carathédory's formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. The material is presented in a didatical way, which allows a second year undergraduate student to follow the formalism. An application is made to an ideal gas with two independent variables. A criticism to Carnot formulation of the second law and an investigation of the historical origins of the Carathéodory formalism are also presented.

Sobre a primeira lei da termodinâmica

Entropy is a concept that has long stimulated human curiosity, resulting in an huge intelectual production. The same has not occurred for the first law of thermodynamics, perhaps because of its apparent obviousness. In this article the first law presentation, as displayed in most traditional physical chemistry textbooks, is criticized. An alternative view is suggested, in accordance with temporal thermodynamics. The time derivative local form of the second law is used to stress the entropy concept implications on the notion of internal energy.

Reflexões sobre a contribuição da Carnot à primeira lei da termodinâmica

The classical interpretations of Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot on some physical principles involved in the operation of heat engines were fundamental to the development and formulation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Moreover, an accurate historical survey clearly reveals that Carnot was, by that time, also well aware about some new concepts, which were further worked out by other scientists to lead to what was, some time later, known as the mechanical equivalent of heat and the conservation of energy. Benoit Paul Émile Clapeyron recognized these original concepts in the first of Carnot´s monographs, published in 1824, but no explicit citation is found in any post-Carnot classical texts dealing with the First Law of Thermodynamics, including those by Julius Robert Mayer, James Prescott Joule and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz. The main objective of the present work is to point out some historical evidences of the pioneering contribution of Carnot to the modern concept of the First Law of Thermodynamics.

Sobre a primeira lei da termodinâmica: as diferenciais do calor e do trabalho

We treat some subtleties concerning the First Law of Thermodynamics and discuss the inherent difficulties, namely the interpretation of the heat and the work differentials. By proposing a new differential equation for the First Law, which is written using both system and neighborhood variables, we overcome the mentioned difficulties and establish a criterion for the definition of heat and work.

A primeira lei da termodinâmica dos processos homogêneos

Thermodynamics of homogeneous processes, which corresponds to the very special situation in thermodynamics of continuous media, is used to discuss the first law. An important part of this work is the exposition of some typical mathematical errors, frequently found in the traditional presentation of thermodynamics. The concepts of state and process functions are discussed, as well as reverse and reversible processes, temporality and its implications on thermodynamics, energy reservoirs and symmetry. Our proposal is to present the first law by using a time dependent viewpoint coherent with mechanics and the foundations of that viewpoint.

A segunda lei da termodinâmica

Considering intrinsic characteristics of the system exclusively, both statistical and information theory interpretations of the second law are used to provide more comprehensive meanings for the concepts of entropy, temperature, and Helmholtz and Gibbs energies. The coherence of Clausius inequality to these concepts is emphasized. The aim of this work is to re-discuss the second law of thermodynamics in accordance to homogeneous processes thermodynamics, a temporal science which is the very special oversimplification of continuum mechanics for spatially constant intensive properties.

Primeira lei da termodinâmica

Unidade 2

Segunda lei da termodinâmica

Apresenta os dois enunciados mais importantes da segunda lei da termodinâmica. Apresenta as máquinas térmicas, dispositivos que produzem trabalho a partir de calor em processo cíclico, citando exemplo. Apresenta refrigeradores térmicos simples, que funcionam como aquecedores quando invertidos. Apresenta o ciclo de Carnot, definindo e equacionando as quatro etapas e ilustrando em um diagrama.

Entropia e a segunda lei da termodinâmica

Apresenta entropia por meio da desigualdade de Clausius, demonstrando essa desigualdade para máquinas térmicas e ciclos de refrigeração, concluindo que a igualdade se aplica a ciclos reversíveis e a desigualdade a ciclos irreversíveis. Define entropia como uma propriedade termodinâmica extensiva, e apresenta as equações para calcular a entropia. Apresenta o diagrama TS, faz a representação de um ciclo termodinâmico e do ciclo de Carnot nesse diagrama. Apresenta equações para cálculo de eficiência máquinas térmicas e rendimento de refrigeradores. Apresenta considerações de entropia para gases ideais.

Segunda lei da termodinâmica e a entropia

Apresenta algumas observações experimentais que fornecem embasamento para a segunda lei da termodinâmica, os enunciados de Clausius e Kelvin-Planck. Demonstra através de esquemas o princípio de funcionamento das máquinas térmicas e dos refrigeradores, das máquinas ideais (descrição do ciclo de Carnot) e a representação dos ciclos de potência e de refrigeração num diagrama p-v. Avalia o rendimento de máquinas térmicas ideais. Posteriormente, define o conceito de entropia e suas aplicações, como calcular variações desta propriedade termodinâmica em diferentes processos, em líquidos, sólidos e gases ideais.

Construção de um calorímetro simples para determinação da entalpia de dissolução

Neste artigo é descrito a construção de um calorímetro simples para o desenvolvimento de um protocolo com o qual é possível determinar a entalpia de dissolução de sais. Para isto, foram utilizadas soluções de sais de carbonato de sódio, bicarbonato de sódio, sulfato de cobre e cloreto de sódio bem como termômetro e recipiente de poliestireno expandido (isopor). O experimento permite assimilar alguns conceitos sobre Termoquímica e pode ser aplicado em qualquer escola de ensino médio, visto que utiliza material de fácil aquisição e baixo custo.

Análise de um queimador infravermelho funcionando com combustível híbrido : GLP/Bio-óleo

Biomass is considered the largest renewable energy source that can be used in an environmentally sustainable. From the pyrolysis of biomass is possible to obtain products with higher energy density and better use properties. The liquid resultant of this process is traditionally called bio-oil. The use of infrared burners in industrial applications has many advantages in terms of technical-operational, for example, uniformity in the heat supply in the form of radiation and convection, with a greater control of emissions due to the passage of exhaust gases through a macroporous ceramic bed. This paper presents a commercial infrared burner adapted with an ejector proposed able to burn a hybrid configuration of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and bio-oil diluted. The dilution of bio-oil with absolute ethanol aimed to decrease the viscosity of the fluid, and improving the stability and atomization. It was introduced a temperature controller with thermocouple modulating two stages (low heat / high heat), and solenoid valves for fuels supply. The infrared burner has been tested, being the diluted bio-oil atomized, and evaluated its performance by conducting energy balance. The method of thermodynamic analysis to estimate the load was used an aluminum plate located at the exit of combustion gases and the distribution of temperatures measured by thermocouples. The dilution reduced the viscosity of the bio-oil in 75.4% and increased by 11% the lower heating value (LHV) of the same, providing a stable combustion to the burner through the atomizing with compressed air and burns combined with LPG. Injecting the hybrid fuel there was increase in the heat transfer from the plate to the environment in 21.6% and gain useful benefit of 26.7%, due to the improved in the efficiency of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics of infrared burner

Análise da indução de fluxo de ar por convecção livre em chaminé solar

Experiments were performed to study the effect of surface properties of a vertical channel heated by a source of thermal radiation to induce air flow through convection. Two channels (solar chimney prototype) were built with glass plates, forming a structure of truncated pyramidal geometry. We considered two surface finishes: transparent and opaque. Each stack was mounted on a base of thermal energy absorber with a central opening for passage of air, and subjected to heating by a radiant source comprises a bank of incandescent bulbs and were performed field tests. Thermocouples were fixed on the bases and on the walls of chimneys and then connected to a data acquisition system in computer. The air flow within the chimney, the speed and temperature were measured using a hot wire anemometer. Five experiments were performed for each stack in which convective flows were recorded with values ranging from 17 m³ / h and 22 m³ / h and air flow velocities ranging from 0.38 m / s and 0.56 m / s for the laboratory tests and air velocities between 0.6 m/s and 1.1m/s and convective airflows between 650 m³/h and 1150 m³/h for the field tests. The test data were compared to those obtained by semi-empirical equations, which are valid for air flow induced into channels and simulated data from 1st Thermodynamics equation. It was found that the chimney with transparent walls induced more intense convective flows than the chimney with matte finish. Based on the results obtained can be proposed for the implementation of prototype to exhaust fumes, mists, gases, vapors, mists and dusts in industrial environments, to help promote ventilation and air renewal in built environments and for drying materials, fruits and seeds

Análise de um queimador infravermelho funcionando com combustível híbrido : GLP/Bio-óleo

Biomass is considered the largest renewable energy source that can be used in an environmentally sustainable. From the pyrolysis of biomass is possible to obtain products with higher energy density and better use properties. The liquid resultant of this process is traditionally called bio-oil. The use of infrared burners in industrial applications has many advantages in terms of technical-operational, for example, uniformity in the heat supply in the form of radiation and convection, with a greater control of emissions due to the passage of exhaust gases through a macroporous ceramic bed. This paper presents a commercial infrared burner adapted with an ejector proposed able to burn a hybrid configuration of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and bio-oil diluted. The dilution of bio-oil with absolute ethanol aimed to decrease the viscosity of the fluid, and improving the stability and atomization. It was introduced a temperature controller with thermocouple modulating two stages (low heat / high heat), and solenoid valves for fuels supply. The infrared burner has been tested, being the diluted bio-oil atomized, and evaluated its performance by conducting energy balance. The method of thermodynamic analysis to estimate the load was used an aluminum plate located at the exit of combustion gases and the distribution of temperatures measured by thermocouples. The dilution reduced the viscosity of the bio-oil in 75.4% and increased by 11% the lower heating value (LHV) of the same, providing a stable combustion to the burner through the atomizing with compressed air and burns combined with LPG. Injecting the hybrid fuel there was increase in the heat transfer from the plate to the environment in 21.6% and gain useful benefit of 26.7%, due to the improved in the efficiency of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics of infrared burner