El concepto de espíritu en el 'formalismus' de Max Scheler

Tabla de contenidos: Scheler en el pensamiento filosófico contemporáneo. El 'formalismus' y el concepto scheleriano de espíritu. El espíritu y la actitud fenomenológica. La esencia del espíritu. El ámbito del espíritu. La naturaleza del espíritu y la teoría de los estratos emocionales. El espíritu y los valores. Espíritu y persona. Espíritu, yo y cuerpo-propio. Espíritu personal finito y espíritu personal infinito. Origen, porvenir temporal y destino final del espíritu humano. El espíritu según 'El puesto del hombre en el cosmos'. Conclusiones.

El concepto de espíritu en el 'formalismus' de Max Scheler

Tabla de contenidos: Scheler en el pensamiento filosófico contemporáneo. El 'formalismus' y el concepto scheleriano de espíritu. El espíritu y la actitud fenomenológica. La esencia del espíritu. El ámbito del espíritu. La naturaleza del espíritu y la teoría de los estratos emocionales. El espíritu y los valores. Espíritu y persona. Espíritu, yo y cuerpo-propio. Espíritu personal finito y espíritu personal infinito. Origen, porvenir temporal y destino final del espíritu humano. El espíritu según 'El puesto del hombre en el cosmos'. Conclusiones.

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 615 - Manuskripte und Typoskripte zu Vorlesungen und Seminaren zu Max Scheler und anderen Philosophen (p. VIII 10b-VIII 14.4)

Vorlesung 1928: "Über Kants Erkenntnistheorie", eigenhändige Notizen, Manuskript, 2 Blatt; "Über das Recht soziologischer Interpretation"; a) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 8 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 7 Blatt, c) Manuskript, 5 Blatt; "Notes"; "Max Scheler (1874-1828)", Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 13 Blatt; "Zitate aus Werken Max Schelers", 6 Blatt; Notizen zur Vorlesung "Politik und Moral" von Max Scheler, 08.05.1928, 4 Blatt; Paul Ludwig Landsberg: "Zum Gedächtnis Max Schelers", Zeitungsausschnitt aus Literarische Rundschau der Rhein-Mainischen Volkszeitung, 25.05.1928, 1 Blatt; "Hegel und das Problem der Metaphysik", Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 3 Blatt; "Über Schristian Wolff", Vorlesungsmanuskript, 6 Blatt; Friedrich Pollock: "Über antike und christliche Geschixhtsauffassung", eigenhändige Notizen, 4 Blatt; Diskussion zwischen Max Horkheimer, Mannheim, Tillich und Adorno, u.a. über Wissensoziologie und Pragmatismus, 16.01.1931, Mitschrift von Leo Löwenthal, Typoskript, 2 Blatt; Diskussion zwischen Max Horkheimer, Mannheim, Tillich und Adorno, u.a. über das Verhältnis von Philosophie und Wissenschaft gegenüber dem Schrecken. Mitschrift von Friedrich Pollock, 19.06.1931; a) Typoskript, 3 Blatt, b) eigenhändige Notizen, 12 Blatt; "Thesen über Wissenschaft. Bearbeitung Löwenthal", Frühjahr 1932, Typoskript, 5 Blatt; Friedrich Pollock: Notizheft, eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Heft, 19 Blatt und 8 zusätliche Blätter (enthält u.a.: "Zur heutigen Lage des Idealismus", Notizen zum Vortrag "Der Gegensatz von 'Geist' und 'Leben' in der gegenwärtigen Naturphilosophie" von Ernst Cassirer, gehalten am 03.10.1928; "Zur Kritik der gegenwärtigen Philosophie"; Disposition der Vorlesung von Max Horkheimers "Materialismus und Idealismus in der Geschichte der neueren Philosophie", Wintersemester 1928/29, 23.09.1928 und "Heidegger"); "Materialismus und Idealismus in der Geschichte der neuen Philosophie", Vorlesung Wintersemester 1928/29, (enthält: Vorlesungsmanuskript, 1 Heft, 8 Blatt und 22 zusätzliche Blätter; Friedrich Pollock: Kollegheft zur Vorlesung, 1 Heft, 48 Blatt, davon 9 leer, beiliegend eigenhändige Notizen zu einem Vortrag von Prinzhorn (?) über Lebensphilosophie und Psychoanalyse, 22.12.1928, 10 Blatt; Friedrich Pollock: Kollegheft zur Vorlesung, 05.-15.02.1929, 1 Heft, 12 Blatt, davon 4 leer, und 2 zusätzliche Blätter; Friedrich Pollock, Kolegheft zur Vorlesung, 22.-26.02.1929, 1 Heft, 7 Blatt);

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 601 - Philosophische und ökomonische Notizen und Referate; Extracta I; Referat Transcendentale Systematik (p. VII 1, 1-14 - VII 3)

Hans Hildebrandt, "Der Kunstunterricht an Hochschulen", Typoskript, 2 Blatt; "Das Wirtschaftsprinzip", Typoskript, 3 Blatt (GS 11, S. 13-16); "Betr. Scheler - Sombart", Manuskript, 2 Blatt; "Zur Psychologie des Denkens nach Benno Erdmann", Manuskript, 2 Blatt, davon 1 leer; "Zur Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis", Typoskript, 3 Blatt; "Zu Kants Kritik der Urteilskraft", Typoskript mir eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 5 Blatt (GS 11, S. 70-75); "Naturwissenschaftliche Methode und Erkenntnistheorie. Über Kant", Typoskript mit zahlreichen eigenhändigen Notizen, 2 Blatt; "Beantwortung der Frage: Was heißt vom Standpunkt des Transcendentalen Idealismus aus die Behauptung, daß die materielle Entwicklung der Entwicklung des Bewußtseins vorhergegangen ist?", Typoskript, 3 Blatt (GS 11, S. 17-21); "Sprache und Denken", Typoskript, 8 Seiten (GS 11, S. 119-132); "Psychologie und Erkenntnistheorie", Typoskript, 2 Blatt; "Zu David Hume", Typoskript, 3 Blatt; "Wie ist das Bewußtsein einer Mehrheit von Gegenständen möglich?", Typoskript, 6 Blatt; "Gegenstand der Psychologie nach Cornelius", Typoskript, 2 Blatt; "Psychologie und Philosophie bei Hume und Cornelius", Typoskript, 12 Blatt; "Das Wiedererkennen", Typoskript von 19.12.1919, 8 Blatt; Exzerpte über: Gustav Landauer, Arthur Wolfgang Cohn, Karl Vorländer, Friedrich Engels, Karl Kautsky, L. B. Boudin, Karl Marx, Arthur Schopenhauer, 1 Heft, Manuskript, 42 Blatt; Manuskript, 1 Heft, 13 Blatt, davon 1 leer;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 606 - Vorlesung: "Einführung in die Philosophie der Gegenwart" sowie drei Vorträge (p. VIII 2, 1 - VIII 2, 2-4)

Vorlesung: "Einführung in die Philosophie der Gegenwart", SS 1926, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 185 Blatt; Vortrag: "Über Sinn und Grenze einer soziologischen Behandlungen der Philosophie", 1928 (?), Typsokript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 10 Blatt (GS 11, S. 209-220); Vortrag, gehalten zu Beginn der Vorlesung: "Max Scheler (1874-1928)", "Einführung in die Geschichtsphilosophie", SS 1928, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 13 Blatt (GS 11, 145-157); Vortrag: "Über Kantische und moderne Ethik" Typsokript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 6 Blatt (GS 11, S. 138-144);

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 618 - Typoskripte von Friedrich Pollock zur "Frankfurter Soziologischen Schule" und anderen soziologischen und philosophischen Themen (p. VIII 24-VIII 28a)

"Pareto und die 'Frankfurter' Solziologische Schule" (GS 11, S. 196-201). Über Gottfried Salomon und Heinz Otto Ziegler, 26.10.1929, Typoskript, 7 Blatt; Teil eines Manuskripts für eine Vorlesung im Volksbildungsheim, Geschichtsphilosophie, Psychoanalyse, Wintersemester 1929/30, Manuskript, 1 Heft, 15 Blatt, und 1 zusätzliches Blatt; Friedrich Pollock: Kollegheft zur Vorlesung von Max Horkheimer "Einführung in die Philosophie und ihre Geschichte", Sommersemester 1930, eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Heft, 6 Blatt; Friedrich Pollock: Kollegheft zu Übungen von Max Horkheimer über Grundlagen der Sozialphilosophie; vor allem über Heinrich Rickert, Max Weber und Max Scheler, Wintersemester 1930/31 im Volsbildungsheim, eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Heft, 24 Blatt, und 13 zusätzliche Blätter, ausserdem beiliegend: G. Biehahn: Protokoll zum Seminar von Max Horkheimer über Geschichtsphilosophie, Typoskript, 3 Blatt; Friedrich Pollock: Notizen zu den 'Sozialphilosophischen Übungen' von Max Horkheimer, über Hegel und Marx, Sommersemester 1931, 18 Blatt; "Hegel und das Problem der Metaphysik" (GS 2, S. 295-308; GS 11, S. 221-229), 1932, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 23 Blatt; sowie Stichworte zu Hegel, neuere Metaphysik, historischer Materialismus, Typoskript, 1 Blatt;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 619 - Unterlagen zu "Empiriokritizismus", "Neukantianismus", "Phänomenologie" und zur "Lebensphilosophie" (p. VIII 29-VIII 33)

"Einleitung in die Philosophie", Wintersemester 1932/33, eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Heft, 12 Blatt, davon 5 leer, und 8 zusätzliche Blätter; Zwei Aufsätze vor 1933 (enthält: "Über Kants Philosophie", Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 8 Blatt. Mit 1 Blatt von Theodor W. Adorno an Max Horkheimer, 29.04.1954 (GS 11, S. 202-208; "Nicolai Hartmann", ca 1931, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 6 Blatt (GS 2, S. 172-176)); "Zur Emanzipation der Philosophie von der Wissenschaft" (GS 10, S. 334-419). Über Empiriokritizismus (Mach), Neukantianismus (Cohen), Phänomenologie (Husserlm Scheler), Lebensphilosophie (Bergson), nach 1927 - vor 1933; a) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, gebunden, 114 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 109 Blatt; Über Erkenntnistheorie und Gestalttheorie (GS 11, S. 22-69), Manuskript, in 2 Heften (Heft 1, 96 Blatt; Heft 2, 32 Blatt);

Up-regulation Of Dnam-1 And Nkp30, Associated With Improvement Of Nk Cells Activation After Long-term Culture Of Mononuclear Cells From Patients With Ovarian Neoplasia.

This study aimed at evaluating the functional activation and activating receptors expression on resting, short- and long-term NK and NK-like T cells from blood of ovarian neoplasia patients. Blood from patients with adnexal benign alterations (n = 10) and ovarian cancer (grade I-IV n = 14) were collected after signed consent. Effector cells activation was evaluated by the expression of the CD107a molecule. Short-term culture was conducted overnight with IL-2 and long-term culture for 21 days, by a method designed to expand CD56(+) lymphocytes. Short-term culture significantly increased NK cells activation compared to resting NK cells (p<0.05), however, the long-term procedure supported an even higher increase (p<0.001). Resting NK-like T cells showed poor activation, which was not altered by the culture procedures. The long-term culture effectively increased the expression of the activating receptors on NK and NK-like T cells, either by increasing the number of cells expressing a given receptor and/or by up-regulating their expression intensity. As a conclusion, the long-term culture system employed, resulted in a high number of functional NK cells. The culture system was particularly efficient on the up-regulation of NKp30 and DNAM-1 receptors on NK cells.

Hypertrophic Adenoid Is A Major Infection Site Of Human Bocavirus 1.

Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is associated with respiratory infections worldwide, mainly in children. Similar to other parvoviruses, it is believed that HBoV1 can persist for long periods of time in humans, probably through maintaining concatemers of the virus single-stranded DNA genome in the nuclei of infected cells. Recently, HBoV-1 was detected in high rates in adenoid and palatine tonsils samples from patients with chronic adenotonsillar diseases, but nothing is known about the virus replication levels in those tissues. A 3-year prospective hospital-based study was conducted to detect and quantify HBoV1 DNA and mRNAs in samples of the adenoids (AD), palatine tonsils (PT), nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS), and peripheral blood (PB) from patients undergoing tonsillectomy for tonsillar hypertrophy or recurrent tonsillitis. HBoV1 was detected in 25.3% of the AD samples, while the rates of detection in the PT, NPS, and PB samples were 7.2%, 10.5%, and 1.7%, respectively. The viral loads were higher in AD samples, and 27.3% of the patients with HBoV had mRNA detectable in this tissue. High viral loads and detectable mRNA in the AD were associated with HBoV1 detection in the other sample sites. The adenoids are an important site of HBoV1 replication and persistence in children with tonsillar hypertrophy. The adenoids contain high HBoV1 loads and are frequently positive for HBoV mRNA, and this is associated with the detection of HBoV1 in secretions.

A Putative Otu Domain-containing Protein 1 Deubiquitinating Enzyme Is Differentially Expressed In Thyroid Cancer And Identifies Less-aggressive Tumours.

This study aimed to identify novel biomarkers for thyroid carcinoma diagnosis and prognosis. We have constructed a human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library that was selected against tumour thyroid cells using the BRASIL method (biopanning and rapid analysis of selective interactive ligands) and phage display technology. One highly reactive clone, scFv-C1, with specific binding to papillary thyroid tumour proteins was confirmed by ELISA, which was further tested against a tissue microarray that comprised of 229 thyroid tissues, including: 110 carcinomas (38 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), 42 follicular carcinomas, 30 follicular variants of PTC), 18 normal thyroid tissues, 49 nodular goitres (NG) and 52 follicular adenomas. The scFv-C1 was able to distinguish carcinomas from benign lesions (P=0.0001) and reacted preferentially against T1 and T2 tumour stages (P=0.0108). We have further identified an OTU domain-containing protein 1, DUBA-7 deubiquitinating enzyme as the scFv-binding antigen using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The strategy of screening and identifying a cell-surface-binding antibody against thyroid tissues was highly effective and resulted in a useful biomarker that recognises malignancy among thyroid nodules and may help identify lower-risk cases that can benefit from less-aggressive management.

Treadmill Training Increases Sirt-1 And Pgc-1 α Protein Levels And Ampk Phosphorylation In Quadriceps Of Middle-aged Rats In An Intensity-dependent Manner.

The present study investigated the effects of running at 0.8 or 1.2 km/h on inflammatory proteins (i.e., protein levels of TNF- α , IL-1 β , and NF- κ B) and metabolic proteins (i.e., protein levels of SIRT-1 and PGC-1 α , and AMPK phosphorylation) in quadriceps of rats. Male Wistar rats at 3 (young) and 18 months (middle-aged rats) of age were divided into nonexercised (NE) and exercised at 0.8 or 1.2 km/h. The rats were trained on treadmill, 50 min per day, 5 days per week, during 8 weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, muscles were removed, homogenized, and analyzed using biochemical and western blot techniques. Our results showed that: (a) running at 0.8 km/h decreased the inflammatory proteins and increased the metabolic proteins compared with NE rats; (b) these responses were lower for the inflammatory proteins and higher for the metabolic proteins in young rats compared with middle-aged rats; (c) running at 1.2 km/h decreased the inflammatory proteins and increased the metabolic proteins compared with 0.8 km/h; (d) these responses were similar between young and middle-aged rats when trained at 1.2 km. In summary, the age-related increases in inflammatory proteins, and the age-related declines in metabolic proteins can be reversed and largely improved by treadmill training.

The Analgesic Effect Of Dipyrone In Peripheral Tissue Involves Two Different Mechanisms: Neuronal K(atp) Channel Opening And Cb(1) Receptor Activation.

Dipyrone (metamizole) is an analgesic pro-drug used to control moderate pain. It is metabolized in two major bioactive metabolites: 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA). The aim of this study was to investigate the participation of peripheral CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors activation in the anti-hyperalgesic effect of dipyrone, 4-MAA or 4-AA. PGE2 (100ng/50µL/paw) was locally administered in the hindpaw of male Wistar rats, and the mechanical nociceptive threshold was quantified by electronic von Frey test, before and 3h after its injection. Dipyrone, 4-MAA or 4-AA was administered 30min before the von Frey test. The selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251, CB2 receptor antagonist AM630, cGMP inhibitor ODQ or KATP channel blocker glibenclamide were administered 30min before dipyrone, 4-MAA or 4-AA. The antisense-ODN against CB1 receptor expression was intrathecally administered once a day during four consecutive days. PGE2-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was inhibited by dipyrone, 4-MAA, and 4-AA in a dose-response manner. AM251 or ODN anti-sense against neuronal CB1 receptor, but not AM630, reversed the anti-hyperalgesic effect mediated by 4-AA, but not by dipyrone or 4-MAA. On the other hand, the anti-hyperalgesic effect of dipyrone or 4-MAA was reversed by glibenclamide or ODQ. These results suggest that the activation of neuronal CB1, but not CB2 receptor, in peripheral tissue is involved in the anti-hyperalgesic effect of 4-aminoantipyrine. In addition, 4-methylaminoantipyrine mediates the anti-hyperalgesic effect by cGMP activation and KATP opening.

Synthesis And Antiproliferative Activity Of 8-hydroxyquinoline Derivatives Containing A 1,2,3-triazole Moiety.

Twelve novel 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives were synthesized with good yields by performing copper-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (click reaction) between an 8-O-alkylated-quinoline containing a terminal alkyne and various aromatic or protected sugar azides. These compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antiproliferative activity on various cancer cell types. Protected sugar derivative 16 was the most active compound in the series, exhibiting potent antiproliferative activity and high selectivity toward ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-03, GI50 < 0.25 μg mL(-1)); this derivative was more active than the reference drug doxorubicin (OVCAR-03, GI50 = 0.43 μg mL(-1)). In structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, the physico-chemical parameters of the compounds were evaluated and docking calculations were performed for the α-glucosidase active site to predict the possible mechanism of action of this series of compounds.

Communication: Transient Anion States Of Phenol…(h₂o)n (n = 1, 2) Complexes: Search For Microsolvation Signatures.

We report on the shape resonance spectra of phenol-water clusters, as obtained from elastic electron scattering calculations. Our results, along with virtual orbital analysis, indicate that the well-known indirect mechanism for hydrogen elimination in the gas phase is significantly impacted on by microsolvation, due to the competition between vibronic couplings on the solute and solvent molecules. This fact suggests how relevant the solvation effects could be for the electron-driven damage of biomolecules and the biomass delignification [E. M. de Oliveira et al., Phys. Rev. A 86, 020701(R) (2012)]. We also discuss microsolvation signatures in the differential cross sections that could help to identify the solvated complexes and access the composition of gaseous admixtures of these species.

Stathmin 1, A Therapeutic Target In Esophageal Carcinoma?

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