The tired foot. The effects of physical activity, energy expenditure and sleep on the diabetic foot population

Background The most common pathway to development of diabetes foot ulcers is repetitive daily activity stress on the plantar surface of the neuropathic foot. Studies suggest an association between different diabetic foot complications and physical activity. However, to the best of the authors knowledge the steps/day and sleep patterns of people with diabetic foot ulcers has yet to be investigated. This observational study aims to investigate the physical activity and sleep patterns of three groups of adults with type 2 diabetes and different foot complications Methods Participants with type 2 diabetes were recruited into three groups: 1. those with no reported foot complications (DNIL), 2. those with diagnosis of neuropathy (DPN) and 3. those with a neuropathic ulcer (DFU). Exclusion criteria included peripheral arterial disease and mobility aid use. Participants wore a SenseWear Pro 3 Armband continuously for 7 days and completed an Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The Armband is a validated automated measure of activity (walking steps, average Metabolic Equivalent Task (MET), physical activity (>3 METs) duration), energy expenditure(kJ) (total and physical activity (>3 METs)) and sleep (duration). Data on age, sex, BMI, diabetes duration and HbA1c were also collected. Results Sixty-Six (14 DNIL, 22 DPN and 30 DFU's participants were recruited; 71% males, mean age 61(±12) years, diabetes duration 13(±9) years, HbA1c 8.3(±2.8), BMI 32.6(±5.9), average METs 1.2(0.2). Significant differences were reported in mean(SD) steps/day (5,859(±2,381) in DNIL; 5,007(±3,349) in DPN and 3,271(±2,417) in DFU's and daily energy expenditure (10,868(±1,307)kJ in DNIL; 11,060(±1,916)kJ in DPN and 13,006(± 3,559) in DFU's(p <0.05). No significant differences were reported for average METs, physical activity duration or energy expenditure, sleep time or Epworth score (p>0.1). Conclusions Preliminary findings suggest people with diabetes are sedentary. Results indicate that patients with a diabetic foot ulcer work significantly less than those with neuropathy or nil complications and use significantly more energy to do so. Sleep Parameters showed no differences. Recruitment is still on going.

Especies arboreas del arboretum Alain Meyrat

Las plantas arbóreas son un recurso valioso para la familia rural nicaragüense. La población de muchas regiones de Nicaragua depende de los árboles para su subsistencia. Este recurso es importante como fuente de alimentos, para las construcciones rurales, para la manufactura de muebles y artesanías, etc., sin olvidar que los árboles representan importante hábitat para la mayoría de la fauna nacional. A pesar de la importancia de los árboles, el uso indiscriminado y no controlado de las especies arbóreas pone en riesgo su permanencia en nuestros ecosistemas. Lo anterior hace necesario planes efectivos de conservación y mantenimiento de plantaciones nativas y establecidas. Para lograr este objetivo es de primordial importancia el conocimiento de las especies que colonizan nuestras áreas. Ahí radica la importancia de esta obra. La información que se vierte en esta publicación es de importancia para el manejo y conservación de las especies, y permite también despertar el interés de los más escépticos sobre la importancia de los árboles para el manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales. Por lo antes expuesto, la Universidad Nacional Agraria pone en manos de la sociedad nicaragüense el libro “especies arbóreas del arboretum Alan Meyrat”, donde se enuncian y describen 50 especies arbóreas de la colección de plantas vivas del arboretum de la UNA. La descripción de las especies arbóreas está acompañada de fotografías, las cuales en su gran mayoría fueron tomadas en el arboretum de la UNA. Los autores nos presentan aspectos claves que permiten identificar las especies, acompañado de una diáfana descripción de las características relevantes de las especies, así como información sobre ecología, distribución y uso.

Ingestion and clearance rates of Copepods

Feeding activity, selective grazing and the potential grazing impact of two dominant grazers of the Polar Frontal Zone, Calanus simillimus and Rhincalanus gigas, and of copepods < 2 mm were investigated with incubation experiments in the course of an iron fertilized diatom bloom in November 2000. All grazers were already actively feeding in the low chlorophyll waters prior to the onset of the bloom. C. simillimus maintained constant clearance rates and fed predominantly on diatoms. R. gigas and the small copepods strongly increased clearance and ingestion of diatoms in response to their enhanced availability. All grazers preyed on microzooplankton, most steadily on ciliates, confirming the view that pure herbivory appears to be the exception rather than the rule in copepod feeding. The grazers exhibited differences in feeding behavior based on selectivity indices. C. simillimus and R. gigas showed prey switching from dinoflagellates to diatoms in response to the phytoplankton bloom. All grazers most efficiently grazed on large diatoms leading to differences in daily losses for large and small species, e.g. Corethron sp. or Thalassionema nitzschioides. Species-specific diatom mortality rates due to grazing suggest that the high feeding activity of C. simillimus prior to and during the bloom played a role in shaping diatom population dynamics