Que pensent les enseignants et les élèves du secondaire des TIC? : une étude des représentations sociales au Niger

Dans les pays africains en général et au Niger en particulier, l’ordinateur commence à trouver sa place au sein de l’école. Ce processus d’intégration pédagogique des technologies de l’information et de la communication est fortement dépendant des paramètres technologiques, pédagogiques et humains. Réussir ce processus, c’est connaitre les jugements et les attitudes des acteurs de cette école vis-à-vis de ces technologies. À partir des représentations sociales, nous pouvons connaître la manière de penser, de s'approprier, d'interpréter la réalité quotidienne d’un groupe d’individus vis-à-vis d’un objet, en l’occurrence ici, les TIC. Le premier objectif de notre recherche est de connaitre les représentations sociales que les enseignants du secondaire ont de l’ordinateur. Pour cela, nous avons mené une investigation auprès de vingt enseignants. À l’issue des entrevues, nous avons identifié des représentations sociales sur les attitudes des enseignants à l’égard de l’ordinateur, sur les risques de l’ordinateur à l’école et enfin sur les avantages de l’ordinateur à l’école. L’ensemble de ces représentations sociales met en évidence une attitude positive des enseignants vis-à-vis de l’ordinateur à l’école même si pour certains enseignants, l’ordinateur est un outil qui favorise la démotivation des élèves et qui est vu comme un concurrent potentiel. Notre second objectif est de connaître les représentations sociales des TIC chez des élèves. Cinquante élèves provenant de deux écoles ont constitué la population de notre étude. Après avoir soumis les entretiens recueillis à une analyse de contenu, nous sommes parvenu à des résultats qui mettent en évidence des représentations sociales sur les connaissances des TIC et sur son utilisation dans le cadre de l’apprentissage. Notre recherche devait aussi déterminer si les représentations sociales étaient fonction de la formation aux TIC. Les résultats du test d’hypothèse du Khi-carré montrent que la formation aux TIC n’influence pas l’émergence des représentations sociales. Le troisième objectif de notre recherche porte sur la construction d’une échelle de mesure des représentations sociales des TIC chez des élèves. Après avoir été élaborée l’échelle de mesure a été administrée à 265 élèves de deux lycées. Les résultats de l’analyse factorielle exploratoire montrent que l’échelle a une assez bonne cohérence interne. L’ensemble des résultats garantit la validité et la fidélité de l’échelle. L’ensemble des résultats montre que, bien que son utilisation soit très récente dans les écoles nigériennes, des représentations sociales ont été engendrées à l’endroit des TIC. Les contenus de ces représentations montrent des attitudes favorables aux TIC dans l’apprentissage.

Gérer la distance: les sauts d'échelle dans les relations sociales

Espaces et sociétés, N.79, modes de vie et société portugaise, pág. 93-106

La biochronologie des Mammifères néogènes d'Europe. L'échelle MN, son application à la succession des faunes du Portugal

Similarly to other organisms, Vertebrates changed during the Cenozoic Era. Mammals are the only ones to change quickly; their well mineralised bones and teeth are often fossilised. They are highly diverse and even isolated teeth can be identified. They are thus a good tool for establishing a biochronological framewoork. Among Mammals, Rodents with a short lifetime evolve more quickly than the large Mammals. In Europe, the first elaborated zonation was investigated by the Regional Committee on Neogene Stratigraphy and issued as the MN Zonation (Mammals Neogene) by Mein, 1976. During the following years, progress in knowledge lead to new charts. The latest one resulted from collective work (de Bruijn et al., 1992). Bîochronology gives relative data; if we desire to have numerical age estimates, we must correlate these results with radiometrie data, marine biostratigraphîcal units or the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale. For Europe, these results are summarised by Steininger et al. (1989-1996) and Steininger (1999). After some recents developments on MN Zonation, here is discussed the succession of Neogene small mammals Portuguese localities. Fortunately these localities are in majority inbedded in marine context. Their assigment to MN Zones is proposed and correlations with the spanish Aragonian Scale (Daams el al., 1999) are also suggested. In fact, some differences appear between Portugal and Aragonian assemblages, probably for ecological reasons. Therefore, the MN zonation is always useful for short and long distance biochronological correlations.

Présentation de l'adaptation française de « l'échelle de coparentage » de McHale pour familles avec jeunes enfants [Presentation of the french adaptation of McHale's coparenting scale for families with young children.]

The aim of this paper is to present McHale's coparenting scale,a self-administered questionnaire enabling assessment of the quality of coparenting, and first steps in structural and construct validation of the French version. A total of 41 French speaking Swiss families and 84 US families completed this questionnaire and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, a measure of marital satisfaction. The results of the Swiss families correspond to those of US families: first, items distributed into four factors (family integrity, conflict, affection and disparagement) and second, a partial link was found between quality of coparenting and marital adjustment. This finding supports the construct validity of the questionnaire, reflecting the established link between these two family sub-systems. Given that coparenting quality has a major influence on children's socio-affective development, the questionnaire will find great use in assessing not just negative features of coparenting, such as conflicts and disparagement, but also positive components such as warmth and support. This will be an important asset for research as well as clinical purposes.

Validation de la version française de l'échelle de contrôle de Levenson (IPC), influence de variables démographiques et de la personnalité

We have examined the internal validity of the Levenson's locus of control scales (IPC, Internal, Powerful others and Chances), translated by Loas et al. (1994). The impact of different demographic variables on the Levenson's locus of control scales was assessed. After, we studied the relation between the IPC scales and the NEO PI R, personality inventory that measures the big five. A large sample (n=200) of subjects of different age, gender and profession and a sample of Swiss students (n=161) responding anonymously were used. The reliability of the IPC scale is acceptable. The analyses of the impact of the demographic variables show that gender and level of education have an influence on the I (intern) scale. Age, gender, level of education and profession have an impact on the P (powerful others) scale. The analyses of the relationship between locus of control and personality showed that there was a negative correlation between I (intern) and Neuroticism and a positive correlation between I and Extraversion and Consciousness. The P (powerful others) scale correlate positively with Neuroticism and negatively with Openness and Agreability. The C scale (chance) correlate positively with Neuroticism. Our study also gives the researchers and the practitioner a reference score table according to the gender, the age, the level of education and the profession.

Adaptation en français et en allemand d'une échelle de pression des pairs pour jeunes adultes : le Peer Pressure Inventory [Adaptation of a peer pressure scale in French and German: the Peer Pressure Inventory].

BACKGROUND: Peer pressure is regarded as an important determinant of substance use, sexual behavior and juvenile delinquency. However, few peer pressure scales are validated, especially in French or German. Little is known about the factor structure of such scales or the kind of scale needed: some scales takes into account both peer pressure to do and peer pressure not to do, while others consider only peer pressure to do. The aim of the present study was to adapt French and German versions of the Peer Pressure Inventory, which is one of the most widely used scales in this field. We considered its factor structure and concurrent validity. METHODS: Five thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven young Swiss men filled in a questionnaire on peer pressure, substance use, and other variables (conformity, involvement) in a cohort study. RESULTS: We identified a four-factor structure, with the three factors of the initial Peer Pressure Inventory (involvement, conformity, misconduct) and adding a new one (relationship with girls). A non-valued scale (from no peer pressure to peer pressure to do only) showed stronger psychometric qualities than a valued scale (from peer pressure not to do to peer pressure to do). Concurrent validity was also good. Each behavior or attitude was significantly associated with peer pressure. CONCLUSION: Peer pressure seems to be a multidimensional concept. In this study, peer pressure to do showed the strongest influence on participants. Indeed, peer pressure not to do did not add anything useful. Only peer pressure to do affected young Swiss men's behaviors and attitudes and was reliable.

Validation française de l'échelle d'expérience temporelle du plaisir [Validation of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) in a French-speaking environment.]

INTRODUCTION: Anhedonia is defined as a diminished capacity to experience pleasant emotion and is commonly included among the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. However, if patients report experiencing a lower level of pleasure than controls, they report experiencing as much pleasure as controls with online measurements of emotion. OBJECTIVE: The Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) measures pleasure experienced in the moment and in anticipation of future activities. The TEPS is an 18-item self-report measurement of anticipatory (10 items) and consummatory (eight items) pleasure. The goal of this paper is to assess the psychometric characteristics of the French translation of this scale. METHODS: A control sample was composed of 60 women and 22 men, with a mean age of 38.1 years (S.D.: 10.8). Thirty-six were without qualification and 46 with qualified professional diploma. A sample of 21 patients meeting DSM IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia was recruited among the community psychiatry service of the department of psychiatry in Lausanne. They were five women and 16 men; mean age was of 34.1 years (S.D.: 7.5). Ten obtained a professional qualification and 11 were without qualification. None worked in competitive employment. Their mean dose of chlorpromazine equivalent was 431mg (S.D.: 259). All patients were on atypical antipsychotics. The control sample fulfilled the TEPS and the Physical Anhedonia Scale (PAS). The patient sample fulfilled the TEPS and was independently rated on the Calgary Depression Scale and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms. For comparison with controls, patients were matched on age, sex and professional qualification. This required the supplementary recruitment of two control subjects. RESULTS: Results with the control sample indicate that the TEPS presents an acceptable internal validity with Crombach alphas of 0.84 for the total scale, 0.74 for the anticipatory pleasure scale and 0.79 for the consummatory pleasure scale. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model is well adapted to our data (chi(2)/dl=1.333; df=134; p<0.0006; root mean square residual, RMSEA=0.064). External validity measured with the PAS showed R=-0.27 (p<0.05) for the consummatory scale and R=-0.26 for the total score. Comparisons between patients and matched controls indicated that patients were significantly lower than control on anticipatory pleasure (t=2.7, df(40), 2-tailed p=0.01; cohen's d=0.83) and on total score of the TEPS (t=2.8, df (40), 2-tailed p=0.01; cohen's d=0.87). The two samples did not differ on consummatory pleasure. The anticipatory pleasure factor and the total TEPS showed significant negative correlation with the SANS anhedonia, respectively R=-0.78 (p<0.01) for the anticipatory factor and R=-0.61 (p<0.01) for the total TEPS. There was also a negative correlation between the anticipatory factor and the SANS avolition of R=-0.50 (p<0.05). These correlations were maintained, with partial correlations controlling for depression and chlorpromazine equivalents. CONCLUSION: The results of this validation show that the French version of the TEPS has psychometric characteristics similar to the original version. These results highlight the discrepancy between results of direct or indirect report of experienced pleasure in patients with schizophrenia. Patients may have difficulties in anticipating the pleasure of future enjoyable activities, but not in experiencing pleasure once in an enjoyable activity. Medication and depression do not seems to modify our results, but this should be better controlled in a longitudinal study. The anticipatory versus consummatory pleasure distinction appears to be useful for the development of new psychosocial interventions, tailored to improve desire in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Major limitations of the study are the small size of patient sample and the under representation of men in the control sample.

Plan général du port de Marseille indiquant les différentes profondeurs du fond au-dessous du zéro de l'échelle des marées : dédié à M. Durbec cap[itai]ne de frégate en retraite off[ici]er de la légion d'honneur et cap[itai]ne du port de Marseille / par M. Bellue éditeur

Échelle(s) : 1:4 000, échelle d'un quart de millimètre par mètre

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Chapelle de Pazzi dans le cloître du couvent de Ste Croix à Florence, sur une échelle de 0,0015 PM : [élévation principale et quatre profils] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 139