998 resultados para Átomos
Resumo:
Este trabalho tenciona ser uma reflexão sobre a importância da aproximação entre o Brasil e a Argentina no campo nuclear, na segunda metade da década de 80 e no início dos anos 90, como fundamento para a construção de um relacionamento novo que suplantou uma rivalidade histórica entre ambos. O processo de aproximação encetado com um propósito aparentemente econômico, tinha uma dimensão estratégica. As repercussões desse esforço iam além dos interesses bilaterais imediatos e se refletiram na busca de uma nova inserção internacional dos dois países, num momento de transformações profundas nos planos interno e internacional. Através do programa de integração Brasil-Argentina (que mais tarde também envolveu o Uruguai) e do MERCOSUL buscou-se estabelecer uma arquitetura político-jurídica, que criou uma realidade que extrapola o campo econômico e projeta-se no terreno político.
Resumo:
As Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação colocam em debate o modo de pensar e olhar o livro tradicional e originam novas materialidades para o texto e novas formas, espaços e géneros de leitura. A revolução originada por Gutenberg democratizou o acesso ao livro tradicional, alterando os processos de acesso ao conhecimento. As tecnologias eletrónicas trouxeram consigo uma nova revolução, virtualizando o acesso aos textos que alteraram a paisagem da cultura clássica do livro. Recorrendo à ideia original do investigador Nicholas Negroponte, pretende-se realizar uma análise das alterações que o livro sofreu, enquanto objeto de suporte ao texto, na sua passagem para contextos digitais ou na passagem de “átomos” para “bits”.
Resumo:
Este trabalho, no âmbito da física atómica e molecular, é essencialmente um estudo experimental, por fotoionização, da estrutura electrónica de moléculas e átomos de elevada instabilidade, relevantes na indústria, atmosfera terrestre e astrofísica. Os estudos de física molecular compreendem a caracterização em fase gasosa, à temperatura ambiente e a decomposição térmica controlada até 1100 K, por fotoionização com radiação de ultravioleta de vácuo usando a fonte de He I (21.22 eV), das seguintes moléculas: azidoformato de metilo, N3COOCH3; azidoformato de etilo, N3COOCH2CH3; azidoacetato de etilo, N3CH2COOCH2CH3; azidoetanol, N3CH2CH2OH;2-azidopropionitrilo, CH3CH(N3)CN; e 3-azidopropionitrilo, N3CH2CH2CN. Os resultados de espectroscopia de fotoelectrões, para cada uma destas moléculas, são comparados com os resultados do estudo de pirólise pela técnica de isolamento em matriz de azoto molecular, à temperatura de 12 K, assistida por espectroscopia de infravermelho. Os compostos intermediários e produtos finais observados permitem propor mecanismos de decomposição térmica para cada um dos sistemas. A interpretação e atribuição das bandas espectrais relativas a cada molécula têm por base os cálculos ab initio (HF e MP2) e de funcional da densidade (BLYP e B3LYP) das propriedades moleculares dos seus confórmeros de equilíbrio. A radiação de sincrotrão de ultravioleta de vácuo é usada nos estudos, por fotoionização, do oxigénio e azoto atómicos e dos radicais OH e OD, os quais são produzidos in situ por descarga de microondas e/ou reacção rápida átomo molécula. Para cada um destes sistemas, apresentam-se medidas da secção eficaz parcial de fotoionização, σ i, e do parâmetro de assimetria, β. Nestes estudos é usada a radiação da estação de trabalho 4.2 do Sincrotrão Elettra, em Itália.
Resumo:
Hund's maximum multiplicity rule as stated in most elementary and intermediate level textbooks on general and inorganic chemistry and usually taught at the college and undergraduate level is incorrect. It is true that electrons entering a subshell of an atom tend to occupy the orbitals singly as far as possible but not necessarily with parallel spins. Also, proper definitions and correct use of terms like configuration, microstate, spectroscopic term, level and state are essential if confusion on the part of the student, especially the beginner, is to be avoided.
Resumo:
For economical and ecological reasons, synthetic chemists are confronted with the increasing obligation of optimizing their synthetic methods. Maximizing efficiency and minimizing costs in the production of molecules and macromolecules constitutes, therefore, one of the most exciting challenges of synthetic chemistry. The ideal synthesis should produce the desired product in 100% yield and selectivity, in a safe and environmentally acceptable process. In this highlight the concepts of atom economy, molecular engineering and biphasic organometallic catalysis, which address these issues at the molecular level for the generation of "green" technologies, are introduced and discussed.
Resumo:
The structures of seven oleanene and ursene triterpenoids (1-7) isolated from aerial parts of Mentha villosa were identified. In addition, the complete ¹H and 13C resonance assignments of these triterpenoids were accomplished using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic experiments.
Resumo:
Chalcone (1) and its fluorinated derivatives 2-4, as well as their cyclic analogues 5-10, were synthesized through an aldol condensation reaction between the corresponding ketone and aldehyde. These compounds were characterized by IR, EIMS and ¹H and 13C NMR spectral data. Modern NMR techniques allowed us to conclude that the compounds obtained show E configuration. These techniques were also employed to investigate the equilibrium involving the s-cis and s-trans conformations of 1-4, with this equilibrium being dependent on the fluorine substitution on both aromatic rings, A or B. IR studies indicated that the yield of the s-cis conformation in the fluorinated derivatives is 57.4±1.4; 88.1±0.4 and 66.4±0.7%, for 2, 3 and 4, respectively, based on previous ¹H NMR calculations for chalcone. Theoretical calculations, using the MMX method, were employed to justify the variation of chemical shifts for the fluorinated derivatives and cyclic analogues. These chemical shifts are consequence of the anisotropic effect showed by the carbonyl group on these compounds.
Resumo:
Chromatographic fractionation of bark extracts from Simira glaziovii (Rubiaceae) afforded the steroids beta-sitostenone, stigmastenone, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol, methyl trans-4-hidroxy-3-methoxycinamate (1), the alkaloids harmane (2) and the new stereoisomer of ophiorine B (3). The structures were established by ¹H and 13C NMR, including 2D techniques and mass spectral analysis, of the natural products and pentaacetyllyalosidic acid (4a) and beta-carboline monoterpene tetraacetylglucoside (5, 1,22-lactamlyaloside) derivatives obtained by chemical transformations.
Resumo:
In an ethanolic extract of leaves of Ottonia corcovadensis (Piperaceae) were identified sixteen terpenoids of essential oil and the three flavonoids 3',4',5,5',7-pentamethoxyflavone (1), 3',4',5,7-tetramethoxyflavone (2) and 5-hydroxy-3',4',5',7-tetramethoxyflavone (3) and cafeic acid (4). Two amides (5 and 6) were isolated from an ethanolic extract of the roots. The structures were established by spectral analysis, meanly NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectra. Extensive NMR analysis was also used to complete ¹H and 13C chemical shift assignments of the flavonoids and amides. The components of the essential oil were identified by computer library search, retention indices and visual interpretation of mass spectra.
Resumo:
A threshold photoelectron spectrometer applied to the study of atomic and molecular threshold photoionization processes is described. The spectrometer has been used in conjunction with a toroidal grating monochromator at the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (LNLS), Brazil. It can be tuned to accept threshold electrons (< 20 meV) and work with a power resolution of 716 (~18 meV at 12 eV) with a high signal/noise ratio. The performance of this apparatus and some characteristics of the TGM (Toroidal Grating Monochromator) beam line of LNLS are described and discussed by means of argon, O2 and N2 threshold photoelectron spectra.
Resumo:
Six known alkaloids iboga type and the triterpen α- and β-amyrin acetate were isolated from the roots and stems of Peschiera affinis. Their structures were characterized on the basis of spectral data mainly NMR and mass spectra. 1D and 2D NMR spectra were also used to unequivocal ¹H and 13C chemical shift assignments of alkaloids. The ethanolic extract of roots, alkaloidic and no-alkaloidic fractions and iso-voacristine hydroxyindolenine and voacangine were evaluated for their antioxidative properties using an autographic assay based on β-carotene bleaching on TLC plates, and also spectrophotometric detection by reduction of the stable DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical.
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A computational method to simulate the changes in the electronic structure of Ga1-xMn xN was performed in order to improve the understanding of the indirect contribution of Mn atoms. This periodic quantum-mechanical method is based on density functional theory at B3LYP level. The electronic structures are compared with experimental data of the absorption edge of the GaMnN. It was observed that the indirect influence of Mn through the structural parameters can account for the main part of the band gap variation for materials in the diluted regime (x<0.08), and is still significant for higher compositions (x~0.18).
Resumo:
Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations on the interactions of small atoms (H, C, O, and S) on first-row transition metal clusters were performed. The results show that the adsorption site may vary between the metal surface and the edge of the cluster. The adsorption energies, adatom-nearest neighbor and adatom-metal plane distances were also determined. Finally, the authors present a discussion about the performance of these metals as anodes on solid oxide fuel cells. The results obtained agree with empirical data, indicating that the theoretical model used is adequate
Resumo:
At the end of the XIX century, a group of chemists and theosophists called the Occult Chemists suggested it would be possible "to see" atoms by clairvoyance. In a meditative situation, a skilled person in contact with a substance would thus be able to see magnified atoms and molecules, as well as its internal structure. Annie Besant was the leader of this group and, together with Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa, Charles Leadbeater and Bertram Keightley, they devised an extraordinary atomic theory in which atoms consisted of smaller, indivisible units of energy called anu. In this paper, we present the fundamental principles of this unusual theory.