Clarity, Light, and Logic : Parallels between Olafur Eliasson���s The weather project and the Gothic Cathedral

This Master���s Research Paper investigates Olafur Eliasson���s The weather project as a case study for the dialogue between Gothic artistic principles and prominent elements of contemporary art. A product of a post-modern mindset, weakened historicity allows us to examine these connections anew; past, present, and future blur and artists (and viewers) have the whole of time from which to gain inspiration and meaning in works of art. I demonstrate similarities through theories on phenomenology; the spatiotemporal relationship between viewer and artwork; the convergence of art and science; and the communal, quasi-liminal experience of pilgrimage. I embrace Eliasson���s belief in the self-reflexive potential of art and the importance of the viewer���s own values, memories, and methods of seeing. This new interpretive layer will hopefully offer a richer experience for future participants of both Gothic cathedrals and environments produced by Studio Olafur Eliasson.

The modern study of literature; an introduction to literary theory and interpretation by Richard Green Moulton ...

Introduction: Dominant ideas of modern study: unity, induction, evolution.--book I. Literary morphology: varieties of literature and their underlying principles.--book II. The field and scope of literary study.--book III. Literary evolution as reflected in the history of world literature.--book IV. Literary criticism: the traditional confusion and the modern reconstruction.--book V. Literature as a mode of philosophy.--book VI. Literature as a mode of art. Conclusion: the traditional and the modern study of literature. Syllabus. Works of the author. General index. Seventh impression, June, 1928

Revised criteria for the assessment and interpretation of occlusal deviations in the deciduous dentition: a public health perspective

Dados secund��rios de uma amostra aleat��ria de pr��-escolares brasileiros foram analisados com o objetivo de avaliar a preval��ncia de desvios oclusais na denti����o dec��dua, que podem adversamente afetar a denti����o permanente, com base em crit��rios revisados. Overjet e overbite apresentaram pontos de corte descritos na literatura para a remo����o dos casos de m�� oclus��o leve. Overjet > 3mm e overbite > 3mm afetaram 16% e 7% das crian��as, respectivamente. No plano sagital foram consideradas apenas as taxas de desvios bilaterais: rela����o molar em degrau distal (9,7%) e mesial (6,0%); rela����o dos caninos Classe 2 (11,0%) e Classe 3 (2,9%). Para os demais desvios n��o foram relatados na literatura crit��rios de severidade. Valores brutos de mordida aberta anterior (27,9%); mordida cruzada posterior (11,3%); apinhamento dent��rio maxilar (7,0%) e mandibular (11,3%) foram registrados. A avalia����o da m�� oclus��o na denti����o dec��dua deve considerar a severidade dos desvios para a identifica����o de casos e n��o-casos de relev��ncia em sa��de p��blica. Enfatiza-se a necessidade de maior consenso e melhora na interpreta����o de dados epidemiol��gicos sobre a m�� oclus��o nesse est��gio de desenvolvimento

The gambin model provides a superior fit to species abundance distributions with a single free parameter : evidence, implementation and interpretation

The species abundance distribution (SAD) has been a central focus of community ecology for over fifty years, and is currently the subject of widespread renewed interest. The gambin model has recently been proposed as a model that provides a superior fit to commonly preferred SAD models. It has also been argued that the model's single parameter (��) presents a potentially informative ecological diversity metric, because it summarises the shape of the SAD in a single number. Despite this potential, few empirical tests of the model have been undertaken, perhaps because the necessary methods and software for fitting the model have not existed. Here, we derive a maximum likelihood method to fit the model, and use it to undertake a comprehensive comparative analysis of the fit of the gambin model. The functions and computational code to fit the model are incorporated in a newly developed free-to-download R package (gambin). We test the gambin model using a variety of datasets and compare the fit of the gambin model to fits obtained using the Poisson lognormal, logseries and zero-sum multinomial distributions. We found that gambin almost universally provided a better fit to the data and that the fit was consistent for a variety of sample grain sizes. We demonstrate how �� can be used to differentiate intelligibly between community structures of Azorean arthropods sampled in different land use types. We conclude that gambin presents a flexible model capable of fitting a wide variety of observed SAD data, while providing a useful index of SAD form in its single fitted parameter. As such, gambin has wide potential applicability in the study of SADs, and ecology more generally.

Recens��o: George Baker, ���Late Criticism��� in Canvases and Careers Today. Criticism and its Markets

Recens��o de: George Baker, "'Late Criticism' in Canvases and Careers Today. Criticism and its Markets", Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2008

A conspiracy theory for clefts : the syntax and interpretation of cleft constructions

O objetivo final deste estudo �� contribuir para a discuss��o sobre qual a medida em que conceitos sem��nticos e discursivos est��o sintaticamente codificados. Mais especificamente, investiga-se se existe alguma correla����o consistente entre alguns aspetos interpretativos e sint��ticos de quatro constru����es clivadas do Portugu��s Europeu, e como se deve dar conta teoricamente destas potenciais correla����es. As clivadas consideradas s��o as clivadas can��nicas, as pseudoclivadas, as clivadas de �� que e as clivadas de SER. Sintaticamente podemos distinguir dois tipos: clivadas bioracionais (can��nicas e pseudoclivadas) e clivadas mono-oracionais (clivadas de �� que e de SER). Todas as estruturas t��m um constituinte clivado focalizado que pode constituir tanto um foco informacional como um foco contrastivo, e uma ora����o clivada que introduz uma pressuposi����o existencial. Adicionalmente, o constituinte clivado identifica exaustivamente uma posi����o vazia na ora����o clivada. Adota-se a sem��ntica alternativa para o foco (Rooth 1985), segundo a qual o foco entoacional contribui uniformemente um conjunto de alternativas na Forma L��gica. Regras pragm��ticas operando neste conjunto d��o origem a duas implicaturas que podem ser suspensas: pressuposi����o existencial e exaustividade. Dado que as clivadas de �� que e as de SER t��m a mesma interpreta����o que ora����es n��o-clivadas, conclui-se que a sua estrutura sint��tica particular n��o contribui para estas propriedades interpretativas. Em contrapartida, as clivadas bioracionais, que s��o ora����es copulativas especificacionais, t��m uma presuposi����o existencial e uma interpreta����o exaustiva que n��o pode ser suspensa, tal como as ora����es especificacionais n��o-clivadas. Argumenta-se que isto se deve ao facto de o constituinte clivado identificar uma vari��vel introduzida por uma descri����o definida. Demonstra-se que a ora����o clivada, uma relativa em posi����o de complemento de um determinador definido nas clivadas can��nicas e uma relativa livre nas pseudoclivadas, tem a mesma denota����o que um DP definido, e portanto tem uma pressuposi����o existencial inerente. A interpreta����o exaustiva deve-se �� rela����o identificacional entre o constituinte clivado e a descri����o definida. Al��m disso, defende-se que em Portugu��s Europeu um tra��o de foco n��o desencadeia movimento-A��� para um FocP especializado. Os constituintes focalizados movem-se antes por raz��es independentes do foco. Isto �� confirmado pelo facto de apenas o constituinte clivado das clivadas de �� que ter propriedades de movimento A���, os outros parecem estar in situ. Prop��e-se que o constituinte clivado das clivadas de �� que �� um t��pico com um tra��o de foco que se move para um TopP. Esta an��lise d�� conta da exist��ncia de restri����es discursivas semelhantes para t��picos n��o focalizados e para o constituinte clivado das clivadas de �� que. O tra��o quantificacional de foco arrastado pela topicaliza����o d�� origem a efeitos de interven����o, causando a n��o-recursividade do foco na periferia esquerda e a sua incompatibilidade com movimento de outros constituintes com tra��os quantificacionais. A an��lise prediz as restri����es de encaixe observadas para as clivadas de �� que. Finalmente, desenvolve-se uma an��lise sint��tica das clivadas de SER que aproxima estas estruturas das estruturas com part��culas de foco. Prop��e-se que a c��pula �� um operador sens��vel ao foco que �� merged juntamente com o constituinte clivado. As restri����es distribucionais da c��pula devem-se a requisitos selecionais de n��cleos.

P��diatrie. 4. La calprotectine f��cale en p��diatrie: utilisation et interpr��tation [Pediatrics. Fecal calprotectin in children: use and interpretation].

Fecal calprotectin is a small protein released mainly by neutrophils. It is recognized as a reliable, easy and non-invasive biomarker of gastro-intestinal inflammation. Normal values vary with age, with higher cut-off values during the first year of life (<350 microg/g) than in children (<275 microg/g) or adults (<50 microg/g). Fecal calprotectin can be a useful tool in initial evaluation of recurrent abdominal pain, helping to distinguish between functional gastro-intestinal disorders, where it is normal, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is not a specific marker of IBD but is increased in other situations of gastro-intestinal inflammation. In patients with IBD, fecal calprotectin is used to monitor treatment response.

International survey on skin patch test procedures, attitudes and interpretation.

BACKGROUND Skin patch test is the gold standard method in diagnosing contact allergy. Although used for more than 100��years, the patch test procedure is performed with variability around the world. A number of factors can influence the test results, namely the quality of reagents used, the timing of the application, the patch test series (allergens/haptens) that have been used for testing, the appropriate interpretation of the skin reactions or the evaluation of the patient's benefit. METHODS We performed an Internet -based survey with 38 questions covering the educational background of respondents, patch test methods and interpretation. The questionnaire was distributed among all representatives of national member societies of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), and the WAO Junior Members��Group. RESULTS One hundred sixty-nine completed surveys were received from 47 countries. The majority of participants had more than 5��years of clinical practice (61��%) and routinely carried out patch tests (70��%). Both allergists and dermatologists were responsible for carrying out the patch tests. We could observe the use of many different guidelines regardless the geographical distribution. The use of home-made preparations was indicated by 47��% of participants and 73��% of the respondents performed 2 or 3 readings. Most of the responders indicated having patients with adverse reactions, including erythroderma (12��%); however, only 30��% of members completed a consent form before conducting the patch test. DISCUSSION The heterogeneity of patch test practices may be influenced by the level of awareness of clinical guidelines, different training backgrounds, accessibility to various types of devices, the patch test series (allergens/haptens) used for testing, type of clinical practice (public or private practice, clinical or research-based institution), infrastructure availability, financial/commercial implications and regulations among others. CONCLUSION There is a lack of a worldwide homogeneity of patch test procedures, and this raises concerns about the need for standardization and harmonization of this important diagnostic procedure.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

Iowa Soil Properties and Interpretation Database, 2002

Report produced by Iowa Departmment of Agriculture and Land Stewardship