What Is a Commody? Two Axiomatic Anwers

We identify conditions under which preferences over sets of consumption opportunities can be reduced to preferences over bundles of \"commodities\". We distinguish ordinal bundles, whose coordinates are defined up to monotone transformations, from cardinal bundles, whose coordinates are defined up to positive linear transformations only.

Ranking Sets of Objects

We provide a survey of the literature on ranking sets of objects. The interpretations of those set rankings include those employed in the theory of choice under complete uncertainty, rankings of opportunity sets, set rankings that appear in matching theory, and the structure of assembly preferences. The survey is prepared for the Handbook of Utility Theory, vol. 2, edited by Salvador Barberà, Peter Hammond, and Christian Seidl, to be published by Kluwer Academic Publishers. The chapter number is provisional.

Altruism, Intergenerational Transfers of Time and Bequests

This paper uses a standard two-period overlapping generation model to examine the behavior of an economy where both intergenerational transfers of time and bequests are available. While bequests have been examined extensively, time transfers have received little or no attention in the literature. Assuming a log-linear utility function and a Cobb-Douglas production function, we derive an explicit solution for the dynamics and show that altruistic intergenerational time transfers can take place in presence of a binding non-negativity constraint on bequests. We also show that with either type of transfers capital is an increasing function of the intergenerational degree of altruism. However, while with time transfers the labor supply of the young increases with the degree of altruism, with bequests it may decrease

On Limits to the Use of Linear Markov Strategies in Common Property Natural Resource Games

We derive conditions that must be satisfied by the primitives of the problem in order for an equilibrium in linear Markov strategies to exist in some common property natural resource differential games. These conditions impose restrictions on the admissible form of the natural growth function, given a benefit function, or on the admissible form of the benefit function, given a natural growth function.

Termes de l'échange endogènes et cycles économiques réels : une application à la Côte-d'Ivoire

À l’aide d’un modèle de cycles réels, la présente étude vise à expliquer, de façon endogène, les fluctuations des termes de l’échange en Côte-d’Ivoire. Pour ce faire, nous cherchons principalement à répondre aux deux questions suivantes : les chocs d’offre et de demande sur le marché d’exportation suffisent-ils à expliquer les variations des termes de l’échange? Et quelle est leur importance relative dans la dynamique des termes de l’échange? Les résultats montrent que les deux chocs considérés expliquent bien la volatilité des termes de l’échange. Nous avons noté que ces deux sources d’impulsions ont un impact significatif sur les fluctuations économiques en Côte-d’Ivoire.

How Prescribed Policy Can Mislead when Data Are Defective: a Follow-Up to Srinivasan (1994) Using General Equilibrium.

We highlight an example of considerable bias in officially published input-output data (factor-income shares) by an LDC (Turkey), which many researchers use without question. We make use of an intertemporal general equilibrium model of trade and production to evaluate the dynamic gains for Turkey from currently debated trade policy options and compare the predictions using conservatively adjusted, rather than official, data on factor shares.

The Transformation Problem : an Aleternative Solution with an Identical Aggregate Profit Rate in the Labor value and the Monetary Space.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that, even if Marx's solution to the transformation problem can be modified, his basic conclusions remain valid. the proposed alternative solution which is presented hare is based on the constraint of a common general profit rate in both spaces and a money wage level which will be determined simultaneously with prices.

The Wage Rate and the Profit Rate in the Price of Production Equation: a New Solution to an Old Problem

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that, even if Marx's solution to the transformation problem can be modified, his basic concusions remain valid.

Confidence Regions for Calibrated Parameters in Computable General Equilibrium Models

We consider the problem of accessing the uncertainty of calibrated parameters in computable general equilibrium (CGE) models through the construction of confidence sets (or intervals) for these parameters. We study two different setups under which this can be done.

The Transformation Problem : an Aleternative Solution with an Identical Aggregate Profit Rate in the Labor value and the Monetary Space.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that, even if Marx's solution to the transformation problem can be modified, his basic conclusions remain valid. the proposed alternative solution which is presented hare is based on the constraint of a common general profit rate in both spaces and a money wage level which will be determined simultaneously with prices.

Macroemesures in Computable General Equilibrium Models: a Probabilistic Treatment with an Application to Morocco.

With the help of an illustrative general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Moroccan Economy, we test for the significance of simulation results in the case where the exact macromesure is not known with certainty. This is done by computing lower and upper bounds for the simulation resukts, given a priori probabilities attached to three possible closures (Classical, Johansen, Keynesian). Our Conclusion is that, when there is uncertainty on closures several endogenous changes lack significance, which, in turn, limit the use of the model for policy prescriptions.

On the Optimal Order of Natural Resource Use When the Capacity of the Inexhaustible Substitute is Limited.

Consider a general equilibrium framework where the marginal cost of extraction from several deposits of an exhaustible resource is constant in terms of an inexhaustible perfect substitute and differs between deposits. the instantaneous rate of production form the inexhaustible resource is subject to a capacity constraint.

Mise en comparaison de deux méthodes d'évaluation environnementale territoriale pour en évaluer les forces, faiblesses et les complémentarités : l'analyse de flux de matières Eurostat et l'analyse de cycle de vie territoriale

La réalisation de l’évaluation environnementale, en France, est encouragée par l’existence de règlements, lois, directives et normes Européennes (notamment la Directive 2001/42/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 27 juin 2001 relative à l'évaluation des incidences de certains plans et programmes sur l'environnement et la Loi n° 2015-992 du 17 août 2015 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte). La compréhension du cadre Drivers – Pressures – State – Impacts – Responses permet de replacer les différentes méthodologies dans un cadre conceptuel plus large. Les méthodes d’analyse de flux de matières (Pressures) et d’analyse de cycle de vie (Impacts) sont les deux familles d’évaluation environnementale considérées dans ce travail. C’est plus précisément l’analyse de flux de matières selon Eurostat et l’analyse de cycle de vie territoriale qui ont été appliquées au territoire métropolitain d’Aix-Marseille-Provence. Un état de l’art relevant les études dans lesquelles sont réalisées des analyses de flux de matières a pu montrer que cette famille de méthodes informe sur le métabolisme des territoires à partir de différents types de flux. L’importance des flux indirects et des ressources minérales dans les métabolismes a ainsi été démontrée. Du côté des études analysant les cycles de vie sur les territoires, comme c’est le cas dans l’analyse de cycle de vie territoriale, la distinction faite entre les impacts et dommages, directs ou globaux, permet d’offrir des recommandations ciblées, améliorant la qualité de vie des citoyens. La mise en œuvre de ces deux méthodes sur le territoire métropolitain a mis en évidence l’importance dominante des flux indirects liés aux importations et exportations que génèrent les activités du territoire, elles-mêmes fortement influencées par la présence du port de Marseille-Fos. L’activité pétrochimique, qui caractérise elle aussi la métropole, est une grande consommatrice de combustibles fossiles, ce qui se reflète dans les volumes de flux calculés et leurs impacts associés. Les deux méthodologies s’avèrent complémentaires, chacune ayant ses forces et faiblesses respectives. Pour l’analyse de cycle de vie, la pensée cycle de vie et la prise en compte de la qualité de la matière, d’une part, et la facilité d’application et la marge d’erreur réduite de l’analyse de flux de matières, d’autre part, en plus de leurs résultats complémentaires, justifient un usage hybride pour la prise d’actions ciblées. En effet, la collecte commune des données rend intéressante leur exploitation et l’interprétation croisée de leurs résultats.

Eléments nutritifs et production primaire dans les lagunes du Côte d'Ivoire : cycle annuel

This paper collects most of the information gathered between October 1974 and July 1976 within the framework of a research program concerning the hydrobioclimate of ivorian lagoons and especially the Ebrié lagoon. Monthly surveys concerning the latter were carried out during 1975. The following parameters - and their vertical distribution wherever it had a meaning - were systematically gathered in a system of fifty-five stations: Transparency (Secchi), Temperature, Salinity, Chlorophylla, Dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite. These data provide an outline of the annual cycle of nutrients and primary production of the Ivoirian lagoons