Économétrie, théorie des tests et philosophie des sciences

Dans ce texte, nous revoyons certains développements récents de l’économétrie qui peuvent être intéressants pour des chercheurs dans des domaines autres que l’économie et nous soulignons l’éclairage particulier que l’économétrie peut jeter sur certains thèmes généraux de méthodologie et de philosophie des sciences, tels la falsifiabilité comme critère du caractère scientifique d’une théorie (Popper), la sous-détermination des théories par les données (Quine) et l’instrumentalisme. En particulier, nous soulignons le contraste entre deux styles de modélisation - l’approche parcimonieuse et l’approche statistico-descriptive - et nous discutons les liens entre la théorie des tests statistiques et la philosophie des sciences.

Hygienic conditions in Iowa schools; a report on conditions in schools of 181 cities and towns in Iowa,

On cover: Bulletin of the State university of Iowa. n.s., no. 99.

The second book of observation, thought and expression, or, seeing, thinking, knowledge, talking and writing /

Includes index.

Statistical data of the Jewish religious schools of Baltimore, Maryland and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. For 1908-1909,

At head of title: Gratz College, Philadelphia.

Rules and regulations of the public schools of the City and County of San Francisco.

Description based on: 1863.

Annual report of the public schools of the City and County of San Francisco.

Title varies slightly.

The science of logic; an inquiry into the principles of accurate thought and scientific method.

Mode of access: Internet.

The rural one-teacher schools of Illinois; buildings and equipment, standardization, daily program, demonstration schools ...

Revision of Circular no. 163: Organizing and teaching a one-teacher school. cf. Foreword.

Manual of the system of teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, and needle-work, in the elementary schools of the British and foreign school society.

Contains mounted specimens of needlework.

Manual of the system of primary instruction : pursued in the model schools of the British and foreign school society.

Mode of access: Internet.

The New science review. A miscellany of modern thought and discovery.

J. M. Stoddart, editor, 1894-95.

Contemporary American biography : biographical sketches of representative men of the day : representatives of modern thought and progress, of the pulpit, the press, the bench and bar, of legislation, invention and the great industrial interests of the country /

Mode of access: Internet.

Consumer`s evaluation of the effects of gamma irradiation and natural antioxidants on general acceptance of frozen beef burger

The effect of addition of rosemary and oregano extracts on the sensory quality of irradiated beef burger was investigated. Batches of beef burgers were prepared with 400 ppm of rosemary or oregano extract and a group prepared with 200 ppm of synthetic butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT)/butyl-hydroxy-anisol (BHA) was used as a control. Half of each formulation was irradiated at the maximum dose allowed for frozen meat (7 kGy). Samples were kept under frozen conditions (-20 degrees C) during the whole storage period, including during irradiation. Two analyses were performed after 20 and 90 days to verify the influence of the addition of the different types of antioxidants and the effect of irradiation and storage time on the acceptance of the product. Thirty-three and thirty-four untrained panelists were invited to participate in the first and second test, respectively. A structured hedonic scale ranging from 1 to 9 points was used in both analyses. BHT/BHA formulation obtained the highest score (6.73) and regarding the natural antioxidants, oregano received better acceptance (6.36). Irradiated samples formulated with oregano received a lower score, 6.03 in the first test and 5.06 in the second one, compared to the non-irradiated sample (6.36 and 5.79). In the second test (90 days), the sample formulated with BHT/BHA and which was irradiated received a higher score (6.59) when compared to the non-irradiated one (5.85). In both tests, the irradiated samples formulated with rosemary extract obtained a better score compared to the non-irradiated one, the scores being 5.00-3.82 and 5.00-3.76 in the first and second test, respectively. Our results allowed us to conclude that the natural antioxidants, rosemary and oregano extracts, present a good alternative for replacing synthetic additives in food industries, and that the irradiation process, in some cases, may help to enhance the sensory quality of food. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.