微囊藻毒素[Dha~7]MCRR的制备及鉴定

以野外收集的水华蓝藻为原料,经过75%甲醇溶液浸提,快速色谱分离和半制备色谱纯化,从滇池水华蓝藻中分离纯化出1种微囊藻毒素变体.电喷雾质谱、紫外分光光度计和HPLC检测结果表明,所得毒素为[Dha7]MCRR,是MCRR的1种去甲基化变体,其纯度大于95%.该毒素的分子组成为环(Ala-Arg-MeAsp-Arg-Adda-Glu-Dha),分子量为1 023,其紫外扫描光谱(200~300 nm)在239 nm处有特征吸收.[Dha7]MCRR在滇池水华蓝藻中普遍存在,有时会成为MC的主要种类.

Kinetics of the oxidation of MCRR by potassium permanganate

The occurrence of the microcystins in the water bodies, especially in drinking water resources, has received considerable attentions. In situ chemical oxidation is a promising cost-effective treatment method to remove MC from water body. This research investigated the reaction kinetics of the oxidation of MCRR by permanganate. Experimental results indicate that the reaction is second order overall and first order with respect to both permanganate and MCRR, and has an activation energy of 18.9 kJ/mol. The second-order rate constant ranges from 0.154 to 0.225 l/mg/min at temperature from 15 to 30 degrees C. The MCRR degradation rates can be accelerated through increasing reaction temperature and oxidant concentration. The reaction under acid conditions was slightly faster than under alkaline conditions. The half-life of the reaction was less than 1 min, and more than 99.5% of MCRR was degraded within 10 min. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

微囊藻毒素RR的制备及鉴定

以野外收集的水华蓝藻为原料,建立了以75%甲醇溶液提取、快速色谱和半制备色谱分离为主要步骤的微囊藻毒素分离纯化方法,并用HPLC、分光光度计和电喷雾质谱对所得毒素的纯度和结构进行了鉴定.结果表明,所得毒素为MCRR,纯度大于95%,其紫外吸收光谱在239nm处有特征吸收,分子组成为环(Ala-Arg-MeAsp-Arg-Adda-Glu-Mdha),分子量为1037.

微囊藻毒素的色谱保留行为与荷电状态的关系

研究了微囊藻毒素MCRR和MCLR两种变体的荷电状态和色谱保留行为随流动相pH的变化。结果表明,在实验pH范围内,MCRR的保留系数K随pH值的增加而单调增加,MCLR的K值则先增加后减小。2种MC荷电为零组分的比例δ0 随pH值的变化也有同样的规律,说明MC的色谱保留行为与其荷电状态有密切关系。可以利用这一规律,通过MC的结构信息来预测其色谱保留行为,进而为优化色谱条件提供理论指导。

微囊藻毒素在紫外光下的光降解

利用灭菌灯照射,HPLC法检测,研究了MCRR在紫外光(主要发射波长为254nm)照射下的光降解行为。结果表明,在254nm紫外光下,MCRR的光降解和异构化作用同时发生,整个过程不能用准一级反应动力学方程描述。光照强度是影响反应速率的重要因素,温度对反应速率也有较大影响,光强增加和温度的升高均可加速MCRR降解。当温度为25℃、光强为425μW·cm-2时,MCRR的降解半衰期约为2min。pH对MCRR降解的影响不十分显著,但在偏酸性条件比中性和碱性条件有利于降解。

滇池水华蓝藻铜锈微囊藻和绿色微囊藻的生长生理特性及毒素分析

从滇池分离纯化了两种常见水华微囊藻即铜锈微囊藻和绿色微囊藻．在常规培养条件下，两种藻类在对数生长期的生长速率μ值分别为0．61和0.63;早期生长的抑制光强不大于100μmolm-2s-1.铜锈微囊藻主要产生3种微囊藻毒素：MYCST-RR,MYCST-YR和MYCST－LR绿色微囊藻产生的主要微囊藻毒素为[Dha7]－MYCST－RR和[Dha7]MYCST．LR，另含有少量的[Dha7]－MYCST-YR．在低光强15μEm-2s－1时，毒素含量每毫克于重细胞达到3．127μg微囊藻毒素，当光强达到1

An ELISA-like time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for microcystin detection

Background: A time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA), based on anti-microcystin-LR (MCLR) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and europium-labeled antimouse IgG conjugate, was first developed for microcystin detection. Methods: Anti-MCLR MAbs were prepared by a standard method, and the attained MAbs showed a good cross reactivity with MCLR, MCRR and MCYR. The TRFIA was performed in an indirect competitive mode. The detection method of TRFIA was compared with indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The TRFIA exhibited a typical sigmoidal response for MCLR at concentrations of 0.005-50 ng/ml, with a wide quantitative range between 0.01 and 10 ng/ml, indicating the broadest detective range and the most sensitive of all the methods for microcystins (MCs) detection. Additionally, the TRFIA maintained good reliability through its quantitative range, as evidenced by low coefficients of variation (1.6-12.2%). The toxin data of algal samples assayed from TRFIA were in the same range as those with ELISA and HPLC, implying that the method was reliable and practical for the detection of MCs. Conclusions: The TRFIA may offer a valuable alternative or a substitute for conventional ELISA for microcystin detection. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A word of caution on calculating market-based minimum capital risk requirements

This paper demonstrates that the use of GARCH-type models for the calculation of minimum capital risk requirements (MCRRs) may lead to the production of inaccurate and therefore inefficient capital requirements. We show that this inaccuracy stems from the fact that GARCH models typically overstate the degree of persistence in return volatility. A simple modification to the model is found to improve the accuracy of MCRR estimates in both back- and out-of-sample tests. Given that internal risk management models are currently in widespread usage in some parts of the world (most notably the USA), and will soon be permitted for EC banks and investment firms, we believe that our paper should serve as a valuable caution to risk management practitioners who are using, or intend to use this popular class of models.