Administration de [6]-gingérol intrathécal pour le traitement de la douleur neuropathique chez le rat mâle Sprague-Dawley

Le [6]-gingérol est un analogue structurel de la capsaïcine, une molécule agoniste au récepteurs TRPV1 et ayant des propriétés thérapeutiques connues dans le traitement de la douleur. Deux objectifs principaux ont été poursuivis lors de la réalisation de ce projet de recherche. D’abord, établir une meilleure caractérisation du métabolisme du [6]-gingérol chez le rat. Pour ce faire, une méthode sensible et spécifique pour la quantification du [6]-gingérol et ses métabolites par HPLC-ESI/MS/MS a été développée. Une étude de stabilité métabolique in vitro utilisant des microsomes hépatiques de rats a ensuite été réalisée. Les résultats démontrent une dégradation lente avec un temps de demi-vie de 163 minutes et une clairance intrinsèque relativement basse de 0.0043 mL/min. D’autres analyses ont ensuite été performées pour caractériser les métabolites in vitro et in vivo. Trois principaux métabolites de phase I et quatre métabolites de phase II ont été identifiés par HPLC-MS/MS et HPLC-MSD TOF. Les résultats suggèrent que le principal métabolite excrété dans l’urine est un glucuronide du [6]-gingérol hydroxylé. Le second objectif de ce projet était de déterminer l’effet central du [6]-gingérol sur la douleur neuropathique lorsqu’injecté par voie intrathécale. La distribution de la molécule a d’abord été évaluée suite à une administration intra-péritonéale de 40 mg/kg de [6]-gingérol et les ratios des concentrations cerveau-plasma et moelle épinière-plasma (0.73 et 1.7, respectivement) suggèrent que le [6]-gingérol se distribue efficacement au niveau du système nerveux central. Une injection intrathécale de 10 μg de [6]-gingérol à été performée chez les rats suite à l’induction de douleur par la pose de ligatures au niveau du nerf sciatique. Les résultats suggèrent une réduction significative de l’allodynie mécanique et de l’hyperalgésie thermique à 30 min, 2 h et 4 h suivant l’injection (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 et p < 0.001). Le [6]-gingérol se distribue donc adéquatement au niveau du système nerveux central des rats, permettant une action au niveau des récepteurs TRPV1. Ainsi, le [6]-gingérol pourrait soulager la douleur neuropathique en agissant centralement au niveau de la moelle épinière.

Étude des tachykinines et de leurs dérivés peptidiques associés à la douleur neuropathique grâce à l’utilisation de modèles animaux et de la chromatographie en phase liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse

Thèse réalisée en co-tutelle avec l'Université Claude Bernard de Lyon 1, en France.

The role of transcription factor Nrf2 in osteoarthritis

Introduction: L'arthrose est caractérisée par une destruction progressive du cartilage, une inflammation synoviale, et un remodelage de l’os sous-chondral avec une production excessive des médiateurs inflammatoires et cataboliques. Nous avons démontré que le niveau du 4-hydroxynonénal (4-HNE), un produit de la peroxydation lipidique, est augmenté dans le cartilage humain arthrosique sans qu’on sache le mécanisme exacte impliqué dans l’augmentation de cette molécule. Des données de la littérature indiquent que l’accumulation du HNE est contrôlée par l’action de la glutathione S-transférase A4-4 (GSTA4-4), une enzyme impliquée dans la détoxification du HNE. Au niveau transcriptionel, l’expression de cette enzyme est régulée par la transactivation du facteur de transcription Nrf2. Objectif: L’objectif de cette étude vise à démontrer que l’augmentation du HNE dans le cartilage arthrosique est attribuée, en partie, à l’altération de l’expression de la GSTA4-4 et de Nrf2. Méthode: Le niveau d’expression de la GSTA4-4 et de Nrf2 a été mesurée par Western blot et par PCR en temps réel dans le cartilage humain arthrosique et dans le cartilage provenant des souris atteintes d’arthrose. Pour démontrer le rôle du Nrf2 dans l’arthrose, les chondrocytes humains arthrosiques ont été traités par l’interleukine 1beta (IL-1β) ou par le H2O2 en présence ou en absence des activateurs du Nrf2 tels que le Protandim®, AI, et du 6-Gingérol. Par ailleurs, les chondrocytes ont été transfectés par un vecteur d’expression de Nrf2 puis traités par l’IL-β. En utilisant le modèle d’arthrose chez la souris, les animaux ont été traités par voie orale de 10 mg/kg/jour de Protandim® pendant 8 semaines. Résultats: Nous avons observé une diminution significative de l’expression de la GSTA4-4 et de Nrf2 dans le cartilage humain et murin arthrosique. L'activation de Nrf2 bloque la stimulation de la métalloprotéinase-13 (MMP-13), la prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) et de l'oxyde nitrique (NO) par l’IL-1β. En outre, nous avons montré que l'activation Nrf2 protège les cellules contre la mort cellulaire induite par H2O2. Fait intéressant, l'administration orale de Protandim® réduit la production du HNE par l'intermédiaire de l’activation de la GSTA4. Nous avons démontré que le niveau d’expression de la GSTA4-4 et de Nrf2 diminue dans le cartilage provenant des patients et des souris atteints d’arthrose. De plus, la surexpression de ce facteur nucléaire Nrf2 empêche la production du HNE et la MMP-13 et l’inactivation de la GSTA4-4. Dans notre modèle expérimental d’arthrose induite par déstabilisation du ménisque médial chez la souris, nous avons trouvé que l'administration orale de Protandim® à 10 mg / kg / jour réduit les lésions du cartilage. Conclusion: Cette étude est de la première pour démontrer le rôle physiopathologique du Nrf2 in vitro et in vivo. Nos résultats démontrent que l’activation du Nrf2 est essentielle afin de maintenir l’expression de la GSTA4-4 et de réduire le niveau du HNE. Le fait que les activateurs du Nrf2 abolissent la production de la HNE et aussi un certain nombre de facteurs connus pour être impliqués dans la pathogenèse de l’arthrose les rend des agents cliniquement utiles pour la prévention de la maladie.

Synthesis and characterization of K2Ca5(SO4)6· H2O, the equivalent of görgeyite, a rare evaporite mineral

Görgeyite, K2Ca5(SO4)6··H2O, is a very rare monoclinic double salt found in evaporites related to the slightly more common mineral syngenite. At 1 atmosphere with increasing external temperature from 25 to 150 °C, the following succession of minerals was formed: first gypsum and K2O, followed at 100 °C by görgeyite. Changes in concentration at 150 °C due to evaporation resulted in the formation of syngenite and finally arcanite. Under hydrothermal conditions, the succession is syngenite at 50 °C, followed by görgyeite at 100 and 150 °C. Increasing the synthesis time at 100 °C and 1 atmosphere showed that initially gypsum was formed, later being replaced by görgeyite. Finally görgeyite was replaced by syngenite, indicating that görgeyite is a metastable phase under these conditions. Under hydrothermal conditions, syngenite plus a small amount of gypsum was formed, after two days being replaced by görgeyite. No further changes were observed with increasing time. Pure görgeyite showed elongated crystals approximately 500 to 1000 µ m in length. The infrared and Raman spectra are mainly showing the vibrational modes of the sulfate groups and the crystal water (structural water). Water is characterized by OH-stretching modes at 3526 and 3577 cm–1 , OH-bending modes at 1615 and 1647 cm–1 , and an OH-libration mode at 876 cm–1 . The sulfate 1 mode is weak in the infrared but showed strong bands at 1005 and 1013 cm–1 in the Raman spectrum. The 2 mode also showed strong bands in the Raman spectrum at 433, 440, 457, and 480 cm–1 . The 3 mode is characterized by a complex set of bands in both infrared and Raman spectra around 1150 cm–1 , whereas 4 is found at 650 cm–1.

Evaluation of polycaprolactone scaffold degradation for 6 months in vitro and in vivo

The use of polycaprolactone (PCL) as a biomaterial, especially in the fields of drug delivery and tissue engineering, has enjoyed significant growth. Understanding how such a device or scaffold eventually degrades in vivo is paramount as the defect site regenerates and remodels. Degradation studies of three-dimensional PCL and PCL-based composite scaffolds were conducted in vitro (in phosphate buffered saline) and in vivo (rabbit model). Results up to 6 months are reported. All samples recorded virtually no molecular weight changes after 6 months, with a maximum mass loss of only about 7% from the PCL-composite scaffolds degraded in vivo, and a minimum of 1% from PCL scaffolds. Overall, crystallinity increased slightly because of the effects of polymer recrystallization. This was also a contributory factor for the observed stiffness increment in some of the samples, while only the PCL-composite scaffold registered a decrease. Histological examination of the in vivo samples revealed good biocompatibility, with no adverse host tissue reactions up to 6 months. Preliminary results of medical-grade PCL scaffolds, which were implanted for 2 years in a critical-sized rabbit calvarial defect site, are also reported here and support our scaffold design goal for gradual and late molecular weight decreases combined with excellent long-term biocompatibility and bone regeneration. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 90A: 906-919, 2009

Year 6 students' idiosyncratic notions of unitising, reunitising and regrouping decimal number places

Having flexible notions of the unit (e.g., 26 ones can be thought of as 2.6 tens, 1 ten 16 ones, 260 tenths, etc.) should be a major focus of elementary mathematics education. However, often these powerful notions are relegated to computations where the major emphasis is on "getting the right answer" thus procedural knowledge rather than conceptual knowledge becomes the primary focus. This paper reports on 22 high-performing students' reunitising processes ascertained from individual interviews on tasks requiring unitising, reunitising and regrouping; errors were categorised to depict particular thinking strategies. The results show that, even for high-performing students, regrouping is a cognitively complex task. This paper analyses this complexity and draws inferences for teaching.

Raman spectroscopic study of the multi-anion mineral dixenite CuMn2+14Fe3+(AsO3)5(SiO4)2(AsO4)(OH)6

The mixed anion mineral dixenite has been studied by Raman spectroscopy, complimented with infrared spectroscopy. The Raman spectrum of dixenite shows bands at 839 and 813 cm-1 assigned to the (AsO3)3- symmetric and antisymmetric stretching modes. The most intense Raman band of dixenite is the band at 526 cm-1 and is assigned to the ν2 AsO33- bending mode. DFT calculations enabled the position of AsO22- symmetric stretching mode at 839 cm-1, the antisymmetric stretching mode at 813 cm-1, and the deformation mode at 449 cm-1 to be calculated. Raman bands at 1026 and 1057 cm-1 are assigned to the SiO42- symmetric stretching vibrations and at 1349 and 1386 cm-1 to the SiO42- antisymmetric stretching vibrations. Both Raman and infrared spectra indicate the presence of water in the structure of dixenite. This brings into question the commonly accepted formula of dixenite as CuMn2+14Fe3+(AsO3)5(SiO4)2(AsO4)(OH)6. The formula may be better written as CuMn2+14Fe3+(AsO3)5(SiO4)2(AsO4)(OH)6•xH2O.

Investigating international accounting standard setting : the black box of IFRS 6

This paper examines the role of powerful entities and coalitions in shaping international accounting standards. Specifically, the focus is on the process by which the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) developed IFRS 6, Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources. In its Issues Paper, the IASB recommended that the successful efforts method be mandated for pre-production costs, eliminating the choice previously available between full cost and successful efforts methods. In spite of the endorsement of this view by a majority of the constituents who responded to the Issues Paper, the final outcome changed nothing, with choice being retained. A compelling explanation of this disparity between the visible inputs and outputs of the standard setting process is the existence of a “black box”, in which powerful extractive industries entities and coalitions covertly influenced the IASB to secure their own ends and ensure that the status quo was maintained

Proceedings of the 21st Australian Software Engineering Conference (ASWEC 2010) : 6-9 April 2010, Auckland, New Zealand.

ASWEC is a joint conference of Engineers Australia and the Australian Computer Society reporting through the Engineers Australia/ACS Joint Board on Software Engineering.

Anhydrous 1:1 proton-transfer compounds of isonipecotamide with picric acid and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid: 4-carbamoylpiperidinium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate and two polymorphs of 4-carbamoylpiperidinium 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenolate

The structures of the anhydrous 1:1 proton-transfer compounds of isonipecotamide (4-carbamoylpiperidine) with picric acid and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, namely 4-carbamoylpiperidinium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate, C6H13N2O8+ C6H2N3O7- (I) and 4-carbamoylpiperidinium 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenolate, C6H13N2O8+ C7H3N2O7-: two forms, the monoclinic alpha-polymorph (II) and the triclinic beta-polymorph (III) have been determined at 200 K. All compounds form hydrogen-bonded structures, one-dimensional in (II), two-dimensional in (I) and three-dimensional in (III). In (I), the cations form centrosymmetric cyclic head-to-tail hydrogen-bonded homodimers [graph set R2/2(14)] through lateral duplex piperidinium N---H...O(amide) interactions. These dimers are extended into a two-dimensional network structure through further interactions with anion phenolate-O and nitro-O acceptors, including a direct symmetric piperidinium N-H...O(phenol),O(nitro) cation--anion association [graph set R2/1(6)]. The monoclinic polymorph (II) has a similar R2/1(6) cation-anion hydrogen-bonding interaction to (I) but with an additional conjoint symmetrical R1/2(4) interaction as well as head-to-tail piperidinium N-H...O(amide) O hydrogen bonds and amide N-H...O(carboxyl) hydrogen bonds, give a network structure which include large R3/4(20) rings. The hydrogen bonding in the triclinic polymorph (III) is markedly different from that of monoclinic (II). The asymmetric unit contains two independent cation-anion pairs which associate through cyclic piperidinium N-H...O,O'(carboxyl) interactions [graph set R2/1(4)]. The cations also show the zig-zag head-to-tail piperidinium N-H...O(amide) hydrogen-bonded chain substructures found in (II) but in addition feature amide N-H...O(nitro) and O(phenolate) and amide N-H...O(nitro) associations. As well there is a centrosymmetric double-amide N-H...O(carboxyl) bridged bis(cation-anion) ring system [graph set R2/4(8)] in the three-dimensional framework. The structures reported here demonstrate the utility of the isonipecotamide cation as a synthon with previously unrecognized potential for structure assembly applications. Furthermore, the structures of the two polymorphic 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid salts show an unusual dissimilarity in hydrogen-bonding characteristics, considering that both were obtained from identical solvent systems.

Years 2 to 6 students' ability to generalise : models, representations and theory for teaching and learning

Over the last three years, in our Early Algebra Thinking Project, we have been studying Years 3 to 5 students’ ability to generalise in a variety of situations, namely, compensation principles in computation, the balance principle in equivalence and equations, change and inverse change rules with function machines, and pattern rules with growing patterns. In these studies, we have attempted to involve a variety of models and representations and to build students’ abilities to switch between them (in line with the theories of Dreyfus, 1991, and Duval, 1999). The results have shown the negative effect of closure on generalisation in symbolic representations, the predominance of single variance generalisation over covariant generalisation in tabular representations, and the reduced ability to readily identify commonalities and relationships in enactive and iconic representations. This chapter uses the results to explore the interrelation between generalisation and verbal and visual comprehension of context. The studies evidence the importance of understanding and communicating aspects of representational forms which allowed commonalities to be seen across or between representations. Finally the chapter explores the implications of the studies for a theory that describes a growth in integration of models and representations that leads to generalisation.

A Near-infrared and Raman spectroscopic study of the mineral richelsdorfite Ca2Cu5Sb[Cl|(OH)6|(AsO4)4]•6H2O

Raman spectroscopy has enabled insights into the molecular structure of the richelsdorfite Ca2Cu5Sb[Cl|(OH)6|(AsO4)4]·6H2O. This mineral is based upon the incorporation of arsenate or phosphate with chloride anion into the structure and as a consequence the spectra reflect the bands attributable to these anions, namely arsenate or phosphate and chloride. The richelsdorfite Raman spectrum reflects the spectrum of the arsenate anion and consists of ν1 at 849, ν2 at 344 cm−1, ν3 at 835 and ν4 at 546 and 498 cm−1. A band at 268 cm−1 is attributed to CuO stretching vibration. Low wavenumber bands at 185 and 144 cm−1 may be assigned to CuCl TO/LO optic vibrations.

Cancer-related symptom clusters for symptom management in outpatients after commencing adjuvant chemotherapy, at 6 months, and 12 months

Goals of work: The aim of this secondary data analysis was to investigate symptom clusters over time for symptom management of a patient group after commencing adjuvant chemotherapy. Materials and methods: A prospective longitudinal study of 219 cancer outpatients conducted within 1 month of commencing chemotherapy (T1), 6 months (T2), and 12 months (T3) later. Patients' distress levels were assessed for 42 physical symptoms on a clinician-modified Rotterdam Symptom Checklist. Symptom clusters were identified in exploratory factor analyses at each time. Symptom inclusion in clusters was determined from structure coefficients. Symptoms could be associated with multiple clusters. Stability over time was determined from symptom cluster composition and the proportion of symptoms in the initial symptom clusters replicated at later times. Main results Fatigue and daytime sleepiness were the most prevalent distressing symptoms over time. The median number of concurrent distressing symptoms approximated 7, over time. Five consistent clusters were identified at T1, 2, and T3. An additional two clusters were identified at 12 months, possibly due to less variation in distress levels. Weakness and fatigue were each associated with two, four, and five symptom clusters at T1, T2, and T3, respectively, potentially suggesting different causal mechanisms. Conclusion: Stability is a necessary attribute of symptom clusters, but definitional clarification is required. We propose that a core set of concurrent symptoms identifies each symptom cluster, signifying a common cause. Additional related symptoms may be included over time. Further longitudinal investigation is required to identify symptom clusters and the underlying causes.