The degree of external genitalia virilization in girls with 21-hydroxylase deficiency appears to be influenced by the CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene

Background Women with 21-hydroxylase deficiency present much variability in external genitalia virilization, even among those with similar impairments of 21-hydroxylase (21OH) activity. Objective To evaluate if the number of CAG (nCAG) repeats of the androgen receptor gene influences the degree of external genitalia virilization in women with CYP21A2 mutations, grouped according to impairment of 21OH activity. Patients The nCAG was determined in 106 congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) patients and in 302 controls. The patients were divided, according to their CYP21A2 genotypes, into Groups A and B, which confer total and severe impairment of 21OH activity, respectively. Methods The inactivation pattern of the X-chromosome was studied through genomic DNA digestion with Hpa II. The CAG repeat region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analysed by GeneScan. Results The nCAG and the frequency of severe skewed X-inactivation did not differ between normal women and patients. The nCAG median in genotype A was 20.7 (IQR 2.3) for Prader I + II, 22.5 (3.6) for Prader III and 21 (2.9) for Prader IV + V (P < 0.05 for Prader III and Prader IV + V). The nCAG median in genotype B was 21.3 (1.1) for Prader I + II, 20.5 (2.9) for Prader III and 22 (2.8) for Prader IV + V (P > 0.05). A significant difference was found regarding the nCAG median in patients presenting Prader III from genotypes A and B. Conclusions We observed great variability in the degree of external genitalia virilization in both CYP21A2 genotypes, and we showed that the CAG repeats of the androgen receptor gene influences this phenotypic variability.

Involvement of the Helicobacter pylori plasticity region and cag pathogenicity island genes in the development of gastroduodenal diseases

Infection by Helicobacter pylori is associated with the development of several gastroduodenal diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers), and gastric adenocarcinoma. Although a number of putative virulence factors have been reported for H. pylori, there are conflicting results regarding their association with specific H. pylori-related diseases. In this work, we investigated the presence of virB11 and cagT, located in the left half of the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), and the jhp917-jhp918 sequences, components of the dupA gene located in the plasticity zone of H. pylori, in Brazilian isolates of H. pylori. We also examined the association between these genes and H. pylori-related gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric and duodenal ulcers in an attempt to identify a gene marker for clinical outcomes related to infection by H. pylori. The cagT gene was associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric ulcers, whereas the virB11 gene was detected in nearly all of the samples. The dupA gene was not associated with duodenal ulcers or any gastroduodenal disease here analyzed. These results suggest that cagT could be a useful prognostic marker for the development of peptic ulcer disease in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. They also indicate that cagT is associated with greater virulence and peptic ulceration, and that this gene is an essential component of the type IV secretion system of H. pylori.

Optimização do tratamento por ultrafiltração, de efluente de ETAR, através do pré-tratamento com filtro biológico de CAG e filtro biológico multicamada

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente - Perfil Sanitária

Estudi per la selecció de CAG pel procés de potabilització de l'ETAP Ter

El present document representa l’estudi per la selecció de CAG pel procés de potabilització de l’ETAP Ter a partir d’un disseny experimental de planta pilot de menor escala. Es determina l'adequació de carbó en base a les característiques físiques (superfície BET, índex de iode...) i la capacitat d’eliminació de COT i UV respecte la mostra a tractar.

A pathogenic mechanism in Huntington"s disease involves small CAG-repeated RNAs with neurotoxic activity

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder caused by the expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. The abnormally extended polyglutamine in the HTT protein encoded by the CAG repeats has toxic effects. Here, we provide evidence to support that the mutant HTT CAG repeats interfere with cell viability at the RNA level. In human neuronal cells, expanded HTT exon-1 mRNA with CAG repeat lengths above the threshold for complete penetrance (40 or greater) induced cell death and increased levels of small CAG-repeated RNAs (sCAGs), of ≈21 nucleotides in a Dicer-dependent manner. The severity of the toxic effect of HTT mRNA and sCAG generation correlated with CAG expansion length. Small RNAs obtained from cells expressing mutant HTT and from HD human brains significantly decreased neuronal viability, in an Ago2-dependent mechanism. In both cases, the use of anti-miRs specific for sCAGs efficiently blocked the toxic effect, supporting a key role of sCAGs in HTT-mediated toxicity. Luciferase-reporter assays showed that expanded HTT silences the expression of CTG-containing genes that are down-regulated in HD. These results suggest a possible link between HD and sCAG expression with an aberrant activation of the siRNA/miRNA gene silencing machinery, which may trigger a detrimental response. The identification of the specific cellular processes affected by sCAGs may provide insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying HD, offering opportunities to develop new therapeutic approaches

Striatal and extrastriatal atrophy in Huntington's disease and its relationship with length of the CAG repeat

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that affects the striatum most severely. However, except for juvenile forms, relative preservation of the cerebellum has been reported. The objective of the present study was to perform MRI measurements of caudate, putamen, cerebral, and cerebellar volumes and correlate these findings with the length of the CAG repeat and clinical parameters. We evaluated 50 consecutive patients with HD using MRI volumetric measurements and compared them to normal controls. Age at onset of the disease ranged from 4 to 73 years (mean: 43.1 years). The length of the CAG repeat ranged from 40 to 69 (mean: 47.2 CAG). HD patients presented marked atrophy of the caudate and putamen, as well as reduced cerebellar and cerebral volumes. There was a significant correlation between age at onset of HD and length of the CAG repeat, as well as clinical disability and age at onset. The degree of basal ganglia atrophy correlated with the length of the CAG repeat. There was no correlation between cerebellar or cerebral volume and length of the CAG repeat. However, there was a tendency to a positive correlation between duration of disease and cerebellar atrophy. While there was a negative correlation of length of the CAG repeat with age at disease onset and with striatal degeneration, its influence on extrastriatal atrophy, including the cerebellum, was not clear. Extrastriatal atrophy occurs later in HD and may be related to disease duration.

Estudo do polimorfismo CAG do receptor de androgênio em pacientes com hiperplasia prostática benigna

A Hiperplasia Prostática Benigna (HPB) é uma anormalidade proliferativa relacionada com a idade e muito freqüente no período da senescência. A Prevalência da HPB encontra-se em torno de 40 a 50% aos 50 anos e de aproximadamente 80% aos 70 anos. A patogênese da formação tumoral tem sido estreitamente associada à ação dos hormônios esteróides. Os efeitos androgênicos são mediados pela testosterona e dihidrotestosterona (DHT) nas células alvo e suas ações têm sido demonstradas na morfogênese, diferenciação, proliferação celular e secreções da glândula prostática. A ligação dos androgênios promove a ativação do receptor de androgênios, recrutamento de cofatores, promovendo a transcrição de genes alvo hormônio-dependentes. O gene do AR humano está localizado no cromossomo X apresentando regiões polimórficas no exon 1. O polimorfismo CAG é o mais estudado e seu número de repetições está inversamente correlacionado com a atividade transcricional do receptor. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a freqüência do polimorfismo CAG do AR em uma amostra da população masculina do Rio Grande do Sul com e sem HPB e verificar se o número de repetições está relacionado com o desenvolvimento da HPB. Foram avaliados 44 pacientes com HPB e 52 controles. O DNA foi extraído de leucócitos do sangue periférico. A região do gene do AR correspondente ao polimorfismo CAG foi amplificada por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). O produto da PCR foi avaliado por eletroforese capilar e analisado pelo software Genemapper no seqüenciador automático ABI3100 Avant. A análise estatística foi feita através do teste t para amostras independentes, teste de qui-quadrado, análise de regressão linear múltipla e análise de variância seguida pelo teste complementar de Duncan quando mais de três grupos foram comparados. O número de repetiçoes CAG variou de 16 a 30 no grupo controle e de 16 à 31 no grupo HPB. A média de repetições foi de 22,27  3,04 e 21,64  2,89 respectivamente (p=0,30). A testosterona sérica diferiu entre os grupos HPB (4,18  1,34 ng/dl) e controles (4,92  1,29 ng/dl), sendo menor no grupo com HPB (p=0,009). A correlação entre estas variáveis é de 0,256 (p= 0,014). Porém, quando corrigida pela idade, a correlação diminui e perdeu a significância (p=0,104). Estes resultados sugerem que não há correlação entre o número de repetições CAG e o risco de HPB na amostra estudada. Os níveis séricos de testosterona não estão associados com o número de repetições CAG. Pacientes com HPB têm níveis de testosterona mais baixos que os controles.

Shorter CAG repeat length in the AR gene is associated with poor outcome in head and neck cancer

Objective: Alterations in the size of the [CAG](n) repeats of the AR gene have been described in several types tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if there is an association between the AR [CAG](n) repeat alleles and the relative risk for head and neck cancer and to analyse microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in these tumors.Design: Matched samples of blood and head and neck tumors were evaluated using two methodologies, silver-stained gels to perform the analyses of MSI and LOH, and automated analysis to confirm these results and for genotyping of the AR [CAG](n), repeat length. Sixty-nine individuals without cancer were used as a control group for both procedures. The Log-rank test was used to compare overall survival and disease-free survival curves. The Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to determine the [CAG], repeats as an independent prognostic factor.Results: Patients with alleles <= 20 in the male group showed a correlation with lower disease-free survival (P = 0.0325) and with recurrence or metastasis (RR 2.52, CI 95%). in the female group, the allele 2 (longer allele) showed a significant lower mean of [CAG](n), repeat when compared to the control group. Microsatellite instability was detected in nine cases in both procedures. In six out of these nine cases, we observed a reduction of the AR [CAG](n) repeat length. LOH was detected in one out of 17 women informative for oral cancer in both procedures.Conclusion: These results suggest that short [CAG](n) repeat length (: 20) polymorphism is associated with poor prognosis in a subset of male patients with head and neck cancer and that AR gene microsatellite instability is uncommon in these tumors. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Shorter CAG repeat in the AR gene is associated with atypical hyperplasia and breast carcinoma

Background: Previous reports into the role of [CAG]n repeat lengths in the androgen receptor (AR) gene indicate that these may play an important part in the development and progression of breast cancer, however, knowledge regarding benign breast lesions is limited. Patients and Methods: PCR-based GeneScan analysis was used to investigate the [CAG]n repeat length at exon 1 of the AR gene in 59 benign breast lesions (27 fibroadenomas, 18 atypical hyperplasias, and 14 hyperplasias without atypia) and 54 ductal breast carcinomas. Seventy-two cancer-free women were used as a control group. In addition, [CAG]n repeats were evaluated for the presence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI) in a subset of these samples (27 fibroadenomas, 14 hyperplasias without atypia and 22 breast carcinomas). Results: Shorter [CAG]n repeat lengths were strongly correlated with atypical hyperplasias (p=0.0209) and carcinomas (p<0.0001). LOH was found in 1/12 and 4/20 informative cases of hyperplasias without atypia and breast carcinomas, respectively. Three patients with breast carcinoma who had previously presented atypical hyperplasia showed a reduction in the [CAG]n repeat length in their carcinomas. Conclusion: Short [CAG]n repeat length (≤20) polymorphisms are strongly associated with breast carcinomas and atypical hyperplasias. Although non-significant, a subgroup of patients with breast carcinoma and genotype SS showed an association with parameters of worse outcome.

Modificação da superfície de carvão ativado comercial (CAG) para a aplicação na adsorção de benzeno e tolueno

Neste trabalho estudaram-se as características de superfície de CAG comercial in natura (CA-1) e tratado por (HNO3) (CA-2) e suas aplicações na adsorção de benzeno e tolueno. Caracterização dos adsorventes: área superficial específica - SBET e distribuição de poros (adsorção de N2/77 K), pH (norma ASTM D3838-05), grupos funcionais de superfície (FTIR e método de Boehm). Foram realizados ensaios de adsorção em sistema batelada (25°C/140 rpm/25 minutos) e sistema de coluna em leito fixo, onde as amostras foram quantificadas por cromatografia gasosa com extração por headspace método EPA 0010. A SBET e o volume médio dos poros do adsorvente CA-2 diminuíram com relação aos valores de CA1, bem como o valor do pH. Houve aumento de grupos funcionais ácidos determinados pelo método de Boehm do adsorvente CA-2 em relação ao CA-1, o que foi confirmado pela determinação de FTIR, na qual a intensidade das bandas de absorção foram mais intensas para CA-2. Obtiveram-se percentuais de remoção de benzeno de 92,6 e 93,6 (%) a partir de CA-1 e CA-2, respectivamente, e para tolueno de 93,2 e 94,3 (%) para CA-1 e CA-2. Os dados dos testes cinéticos foram ajustados satisfatoriamente pelo modelo matemático de pseudo-segunda ordem, baseado nos testes estatísticos aplicados, havendo diferenças estatísticas significativas entre o adsorvente tratado (CA-2) e o in natura (CA-1). Realizaram-se ensaios de equilíbrio de adsorção e correlacionaram-se os resultados pela Isoterma de Langmuir, com resposta satisfatória para o referido modelo. A partir do sistema de adsorção em coluna de leito fixo e considerando o maior valor de vazão volumétrica (Q=100 mL/min) utilizado no referido sistema obtiveram-se os resultados mais significativos de adsorção de benzeno e tolueno empregando (CA-2) como adsorvente.

Bone mass and the CAG and GGN androgen receptor polymorphisms in young men

[EN] BACKGROUND: To determine whether androgen receptor (AR) CAG (polyglutamine) and GGN (polyglycine) polymorphisms influence bone mineral density (BMD), osteocalcin and free serum testosterone concentration in young men. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Whole body, lumbar spine and femoral bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD, Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), AR repeat polymorphisms (PCR), osteocalcin and free testosterone (ELISA) were determined in 282 healthy men (28.6+/-7.6 years). Individuals were grouped as CAG short (CAG(S)) if harboring repeat lengths of < or = 21 or CAG long (CAG(L)) if CAG > 21, and GGN was considered short (GGN(S)) or long (GGN(L)) if GGN < or = 23 or > 23. There was an inverse association between logarithm of CAG and GGN length and Ward's Triangle BMC (r = -0.15 and -0.15, P<0.05, age and height adjusted). No associations between CAG or GGN repeat length and regional BMC or BMD were observed after adjusting for age. Whole body and regional BMC and BMD values were similar in men harboring CAG(S), CAG(L), GGN(S) or GGN(L) AR repeat polymorphisms. Men harboring the combination CAG(L)+GGN(L) had 6.3 and 4.4% higher lumbar spine BMC and BMD than men with the haplotype CAG(S)+GGN(S) (both P<0.05). Femoral neck BMD was 4.8% higher in the CAG(S)+GGN(S) compared with the CAG(L)+GGN(S) men (P<0.05). CAG(S), CAG(L), GGN(S), GGN(L) men had similar osteocalcin concentration as well as the four CAG-GGN haplotypes studied. CONCLUSION: AR polymorphisms have an influence on BMC and BMD in healthy adult humans, which cannot be explained through effects in osteoblastic activity.