Influência da adubação com nitrogênio e fósforo na produção de Jambu, Acmella oleracea (L) R.K. Jansen

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the use of nitrogen and phosphorus in the culture of jambu. The experiment was initiated at the experimental farm of the agency APTA Polo Vale do Ribeira, using the Nazaré cultivar. The experimental design was complete randomized with fourlevelsof nitrogen (0, 37.5, 75 and 112.5 kg ha-1 N) and phosphorus (0, 75, 150 and 300 Kg ha-1P2O5),and four reapplications. After soil preparation, liming and fertilization, seedlings of jambu were transplanted at a spacing of 0.50 x 0.5 m. The experimental plot was 1.0 x 1.0 m. Fresh and dry mass of leaves and flowers and number of flowers were analyzed. The production of fresh and dry leaves and flowers were influenced by fertilization. Thelevelsof nitrogen affected the outcome, as theyprovided a linear increase in all variables, and the phosphorus level of 75 kgha-1 P2O5 caused the highest average production in the number of flowers and in the fresh and dried mass of flowers.

New wild Brassica oleracea L. germplasm at its western distribution limit in the Iberian Peninsula

An exploration and collection mission for wild Brassica oleracea populations was carried out in spring and summer of 2013. The aim of this collection was to expand the number of accessions of wild Brassica oleracea available for basic and applied research in plant breeding. In this paper we report a new accession of wild Brassica oleracea in an unexplored coastal area of Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula. Details of population ecology and vegetation, soil, climate and geographic data were recorded for this population. The “Endangered” threat category for the region is proposed, and actions for in situ and ex situ conservation are proposed. Seeds will be added to the germplasm collections of University of Santiago de Compostela and Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC) for further research on diverse aspects of the dynamics and ecophysiology of the population along with characterization and evaluation of useful traits.

High hydrostatic pressure blanching of baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Given the high susceptibility of baby spinach leaves to thermal processing, the use of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is explored as a non-thermal blanching method. The effects of HHP were compared with thermal blanching by following residual activity of polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases, colour retention, chlorophyll and carotenoids content, antioxidant capacity and total polyphenols content. Spinach subjected to 700 MPa at 20 ºC for 15 min represented the best treatment among the conditions studied due to its balanced effect on target enzymes and quality indices. The latter treatment reduced enzyme activities of polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases by 86.4 and 76.7 %, respectively. Furthermore, leaves did not present changes in colour and an increase by 13.6 % and 15.6 % was found in chlorophyll and carotenoids content, respectively; regarding phytochemical compounds, retentions of 28.2 % of antioxidant capacity and 77.1 % of polyphenols content were found. Results demonstrated that HHP (700 MPa) at room temperature, when compared with thermal treatments, presented better retention of polyphenols, not significantly different chlorophyll and carotenoids content and no perceptible differences in the instrumental colour evaluated through ΔE value; therefore, it can be considered a realistic practical alternative to the widely used thermal blanching.

Sēfer Ṣawwā'at û-mîtat hā-rav ... Naftālî hak-kōhēn : in dizn (sēfer) werṭ bešribn wi dr geṭlichi mon (hā-rav ... Naftālî hak-kōhēn ...) izṭ ibr gfohrn noch (Ereṣ Yiśrā'ēl) un wi er gišṭorbn izṭ ...

Digitalisat der Ausg. Franckfurt an der Oder, [1802/03]

Phlēng yāo konlabot læ konlaʻaksō̜n : tǣng čhārưk thī Wat Phrachētuphon nai ratchakān thī 3.

Introduction by Prince Damrong: p. (1)-(32).

Formulaciones de Beauveria bassiana (Bals y vuils) para el manejo de plagas en el cultivo del repollo (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata) en el Tisey, Estelí

Con el objetivo de evaluar formulaciones de hongos entomopatógenos para el manejo de plagas en el cultivo del repollo ( Brassica ole r ácea L ) , se realizó el estudio en la fin ca El Tisey, Estelí. El estudi o se estableció en la época de postrera de octubre 2009 a enero 2010 . Se evaluaron seis tratamientos con tres repeticio nes y fueron: Beauveria bassiana + arcilla blanca, B. bassiana +arcilla verde , B. bassiana +talco, B. bassiana +leche en polvo, B. bassiana +aceite sunspray 6E, B. bassiana en sustrato. Las aplicaciones se realizaron 20 días después del trasplante y la dosis de Beauveria bassiana fue de 1 .7 x10 12 conidias / ha. Los muestreos fueron cada 8 días después del trasplante. Las variables evaluadas en laboratorio fueron : Viabilidad y concent ración de conidias y en campo fue población de Plutella xylostella, Leptophobia sp y Diabrotica sp. La viabilidad y concentración de conidias de B. bassiana de los formulados fueron adecuados durante seis meses en almacenamiento . La formulación B. bassiana +aceite sunspray 6E presentó los mejores resultados manteniendo los niveles más bajos de incidencia de P. xylostella, Leptophobia sp y áfidos , pero menos e fectiva para Diabrotica sp . La menor incidencia de Diabrotica sp se observó en los tratamientos B. bassiana +arcilla blanca, pero registró mayor incidencia d e P. xylostella y Leptophobia sp . La menor incidencia de P. xylostella se observó en octubre y la ma yor incidencia en noviembre. En cambio Leptophobia sp presentó niveles bajos en octubre y en noviembre la incidencia más alta. Para Diabrotica sp los niveles más bajos se observaron a inicios de octubre y los más altos a finales del mismo mes. La mejor fo rmulación fue B. bassiana +aceite sunspray 6E para el manejo de P. xylostella, Leptophobia sp y áfidos . El produc to sin formular , registró el mayor número de cabezas por ha y e l producto formulado B. bassiana más Arcilla B lanca presentó el mayor peso por cabeza

甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.)富集铊的环境地球化学研究

通过对甘蓝进行品种差异、亚细胞分析、根际分泌物提取污染土壤中的铊、营养元素添加以及野外甘蓝样品采集分析，结合地球化学理论。分析了甘蓝对铊吸收富集的机理，并得出以下几点结论： (1) 甘蓝叶、根及茎对铊的吸收存在着明显差异，表明在面临土壤铊胁迫时，叶是铊的主要储存部位，而根和茎主要起到了转运作用。甘蓝中铊含量的升高导致了对钙和镁吸收能力的提高。不同品种甘蓝之间的吸收能力差别不大，通过选择种植对铊吸收能力小的甘蓝来控制铊的食物链危害是不可行的。此外，还应该避免在高铊土壤地区种植甘蓝。 (2) 高达92%的铊存在于甘蓝叶细胞液组分中，表明细胞液组分是铊在甘蓝叶细胞中的一个重要储存部位。但是在不同品种甘蓝叶中，铊的亚细胞分布形态没有显著差异，在甘蓝面对铊胁迫时，其叶细胞器组分中铊含量始终维持很低的含量。甘蓝对铊的解毒机制很可能就是通过在细胞内的区隔化作用(compartmentalization)，把进入体内的铊结合到细胞液组分以及细胞壁上，从而减少了铊对重要细胞器官的损伤。铊在甘蓝叶各亚细胞组分中的分配与常量元素存在一定的关系。在甘蓝叶细胞内，Tl+往细胞液组分中的传输很有可能是通过Na+/K+/2Cl–联合传输机制、Ca2+活化的钾离子通道以及一些需Mg2+或Mn2+的K+活化酶完成的。需要Mn2+参与的K+活化酶可能对于铊往细胞器中的转移起到了主导作用。在细胞壁中，很可能Ca2+活化的K+通道或者是某些特定的需要Mn2+的K+活化酶对铊的迁移或固定起了影响作用。 (3) 随着氮、磷、钾营养元素的加入，甘蓝地上部的生物量有一定程度的上升。影响主次因素依次均为氮>磷>钾。随着氮、磷、钾营养元素的加入，甘蓝地上部和地下部的铊含量并没有上升，而是有一定程度的下降。甘蓝地上部中铊含量的影响主次因素依次为磷>氮>钾，甘蓝地下部中铊含量的影响主次因素依次为氮>磷>钾。氮、磷、钾营养元素的加入都提高了甘蓝对铊的吸收量。甘蓝对铊吸收量的影响主次因素依次均为氮>磷>钾。因此我们认为，氮，磷，钾的加入显著提高了甘蓝生物量和铊的吸收量，但是随之而来的生物稀释效应，导致了甘蓝地上部和地下部含量的降低。运用铊累积量来判断营养元素对甘蓝吸收铊的影响更为客观和可靠。 (4) 通过对比蒸馏水和根际分泌物提取液对污染土壤中铊的提取能力，发现甘蓝根际分泌物提取液(root exudates)对污染土壤中的铊具有明显的活化作用。提取液的pH和土壤铊的提取率存在一定的正相关(R2=0.1659)，也就是说提取液的pH与其对污染土壤中铊的提取能力成正比。但是甘蓝体内各部分铊含量与其根际分泌物提取液对土壤铊的提取率没有任何关系，表明大量的植物非必需元素铊进入甘蓝后，并没有对其根际分泌物的产生任何影响。土壤pH越高，生长的甘蓝的根际分泌物提取液对土壤提取率就越高，甘蓝分泌物提取液对铊的提取率升高可以补偿由于土壤pH升高而造成的水溶态存在的铊减少。 (5) 铊在甘蓝叶片和叶柄中的分布状况为老叶叶片>新叶叶片>老叶叶柄>新叶叶柄，表明叶柄也是运输铊的一个重要器官。但是叶柄对铊的转运能力并没有茎那么强烈，而叶片才是甘蓝中最主要的铊储存部位。铊在根、茎、老叶和新叶中亚细胞的分布均为细胞液>>细胞壁>细胞器，这和前期室内温室培养甘蓝叶片中的分布结果是一致的。根据植物采矿经济理论的计算结果，很显然甘蓝可以成为土壤铊污染的植物修复和采矿的备选对象。

Biología y demografía de Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) sobre cuatro cultivares de Brassica oleracea L.

p.87-91

Shoot zinc (Zn) concentration varies widely within Brassica oleracea L. and is affected by soil Zn and phosphorus (P) levels

The low availability of zinc (Zn) in soils and crops affects dietary Zn intake worldwide. This study sought to determine if the natural genetic variation in shoot Zn concentrations (Zn(shoot)) is sufficient to pursue a crop improvement breeding strategy in a leafy vegetable crop. The gene-pool of Brassica oleracea L. was sampled using a large (n = 376) diversity foundation set (DFS), representing almost all species-wide common allelic variation, and 74 commercial varieties (mostly F(1)). The DFS genotypes were grown at low and high soil phosphorus (P) levels under glasshouse and field conditions, and also in a Zn-deficient soil, with or without Zn-fertilisation, in a glasshouse. Despite the large variation in Zn(shoot) among genotypes, environment had a profound effect on Zn(shoot) The heritability of Zn(shoot) was significant, but relatively low, among 90 doubled-haploid (DH) lines from a mapping population. While several quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with Zn(shoot) occurred on chromosomes C2, C3, C5, C7, and C9, these were generally weak and conditional upon growth conditions. Breeding for Zn(shoot) in B. oleracea is therefore likely to be challenging. Shoot P concentrations increased substantially in all genotypes under low soil Zn conditions. Conversely, only some genotypes had increased Zn(shoot) at low soil P levels. Sufficient natural genetic variation may therefore exist to study some of the interactions between Zn and P nutrition.

Variation in the host preferences and responses of Ascia monuste orseis Godart (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) to cultivars of collard greens Brassica oleracea (L.) var. acephala

This work evaluated the preference of Ascia monuste orseis among 29 cultivars of collard greens through free- and no-choice assays using female adults (attractiveness and oviposition) and third-instar larvae (feeding preference), in both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In free-choice tests with female adults, the L, V, Y, H, A, and Z cultivars produced oviposition non-preference in butterflies. Cultivars R, P, C, and D produced feeding non-preference in third-instar larvae of A. monuste orseis in free- and no-choice tests. Our findings may be useful for genetic improvement focusing on the development of B. oleracea var. acephala cultivars resistant to A. monuste orseis.

Il geografo riluttante. R.K. Narayan e il mondo di Malgudi

Il presente lavoro è dedicato allo studio della geografia immaginaria creata dallo scrittore indiano di lingua inglese R.K. Narayan (1906-2001), allo scopo non solo di indagare la relazione che si stabilisce tra spazio, personaggi e racconto, ma anche di rilevare l’interazione tra il mondo narrativo e le rappresentazioni dominanti dello spazio indiano elaborate nel contesto coloniale e postcoloniale. Dopo un primo capitolo di carattere teorico-metodologico (che interroga le principali riflessioni seguite allo "spatial turn" che ha interessato le scienze umane nel corso del Novecento, i concetti fondamentali formulati nell’ambito della teoria dei "fictional worlds", e i più recenti approcci al rapporto tra spazio e letteratura), la ricerca si articola in due ulteriori sezioni, che si rivolgono ai quattordici romanzi dell’autore attraverso una pratica interpretativa di ispirazione geocritica e “spazializzata”. Nel secondo capitolo, che concerne la dimensione “verticale” che si estende dal cronotopo dei romanzi a quello dell’autore e dei lettori, si procede al rilevamento, all’interno del mondo narrativo, di tre macro-paesaggi, successivamente messi a confronto con le rappresentazioni endogene e esogene dello spazio extratestuale; da questo confronto, la cittadina di Malgudi emerge come proposta autoriale di riorganizzazione sociale e urbana dal carattere innovativo e dallo statuto eterotopico, sia in rapporto alla tradizione letteraria dalla quale origina, sia rispetto alle circostanze ambientali dell’India meridionale in cui essa è finzionalmente collocata. Seguendo una dinamica “orizzontale”, il terzo capitolo esamina infine il rapporto tra lo spazio frazionato di Malgudi, i luoghi praticati dai suoi abitanti e la relazione che questi instaurano con il territorio transfrontaliero e con la figura del forestiero; inoltre, al fine di stabilire la misura in cui la natura dello spazio narrativo influisce sulla forma del racconto, si osservano le coincidenze tra il tema dell’incompiutezza che pervade le vicende dei personaggi e la forma aperta dei finali romanzeschi.

Šîr ha-ḥayyîm : we-hû' ʿānāf min hā-ʿēṣ ašer šātalṭî be-ʿezrātô yitbārāk hû' sifrî be'ēr ḥayyîm ...

hak-kōl ḥûbbār mē'ētî haṣ-ṣāʿîr Dôv Ber Ze'ēv Wôlf Lîvšîṣ

Characterisation of three ACC synthase gene family members during post-harvest-induced senescence in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica)

We investigated the gene expression profiles of different members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxilic acid (ACC) synthase (EC 4.4.1.14) gene family in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) during the post-harvest-induced senescence process. Using RT-PCR, three different cDNAs coding for ACC synthase (BROCACS1, BROCACS2 and BROCACS3) were amplified from floret tissue at the start of the senescence process. The three genes share relatively little homology, but have highly homologous sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana, and could be functionally related to these counterparts. Southern analyses suggest that BROCACS1 and BROCACS3 are present as single copy genes, while there are probably two copies of BROCACS2. All three genes showed different expression patterns: BROCACS1 is likely to be either wound - or mechanical stress-induced showing high transcript levels after harvesting, but no detectable expression afterwards. BROCACS2 shows steady expression throughout senescence, increasing at the latest stages, and BROCACS3 is almost undetectable until the final stages. Our results suggest that BROCACS1 could be required to initiate the senescence process, while BROCACS2 would be the main ACC synthase gene involved throughout the post-harvest-induced senescence. BROCACS3's expression pattern indicates that it is not directly involved in the initial stages of senescence, but in the final remobilization of cellular resources.