Lipid composition of the silkworm Bombyx mori L

The constituents of silkworm fat were studied in detail. An unsaturated fat with a high concentration of phospholipid was generally observed. Its iodine value increased during metamorphosis. The free fatty acid concentration likewise increased from the spinning larvae to the moth stage. Analyses of silkworm organs revealed that the fat body had the most fat and the least free fatty acids, whereas haemolymph contained the least fat. Silk glands contained the maximum phospholipid percentage. Stearic acid predominated in those tissues that had a high percentage of phospholipid. Stearic acid was the predominant saturated fatty acid in both the phospholipids and lecithin, and it accounted for 35–50 per cent of the free fatty acids of all the tissues. Q10 was the ubiquinone present; also found were ubichromenol and tocopherol. Results show that silkworm sterol may be cholesterol. Intestines contained the maximum quantities of sterol, ubiquinone, ubichromenol, and tocopherol. The composition of silkworm phospholipids varies considerably from those of other insects, but lecithin is comparable in its composition with lecithins of other animals. The phospholipids had with them a highly complexed protein along with a polysaccharide. In experiments with snake venoms unsaturated fatty acids were found to be predominantly released from silkworm lecithin.

Antioxidants, weight change and risk of type 2 diabetes

The incidence of type 2 diabetes has increased rapidly worldwide. Obesity is one of the most important modifiable risk factors of type 2 diabetes: weight gain increases and weight loss decreases the risk. However, the effects of weight fluctuation are unclear. Reactive oxygen species are presumably part of the complicated mechanism for the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell destruction in the pancreas. The association of antioxidants with the risk of incident type 2 diabetes has been studied in longitudinal prospective human studies, but so far there is no clear conclusion about protective effect of dietary or of supplementary antioxidants on diabetes risk. The present study examined 1) weight change and fluctuation as risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes; 2) the association of baseline serum alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene concentration and dietary intake of antioxidants with the risk of type 2 diabetes; 3) the effect of supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene on the risk of incident type 2 diabetes; and on macrovascular complications and mortality among type 2 diabetics. This investigation was part of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled prevention trial, which has undertaken to examine the effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on the development of lung cancer, other cancers, and cardiovascular diseases in male smokers aged 50-69 years at baseline. Participants were assigned to receive either 50 mg alpha-tocopherol, 20mg beta-carotene, both, or placebo daily in a 2 x 2 factorial design experiment during 1985-1993. Cases of incident diabetes were identified through a nationwide register of drug reimbursements of the Social Insurance Institution. At baseline 1700 men had a history of diabetes. Among those (n = 27 379) with no diabetes at baseline 305 new cases of type 2 diabetes were recognized during the intervention period and 705 during the whole follow-up to 12.5 years. Weight gain and weight fluctuation measured over a three year period were independent risk factors for subsequent incident type 2 diabetes. Relative risk (RR) was 1.77 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-2.17) for weight gain of at least 4 kg compared to those with a weight change of less than 4 kg. The RR in the highest weight fluctuation quintile compared to the lowest was 1.64 (95% CI 1.24-2.17). Dietary tocopherols and tocotrienols as well as dietary carotenoids, flavonols, flavones and vitamin C were not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Baseline serum alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene concentrations were not associated with the risk of incident diabetes. Neither alpha-tocopherol nor beta-carotene supplementation affected the risk of diabetes. The relative risks for participants who received alpha-tocopherol compared with nonrecipients and for participants who received beta-carotene compared with nonrecipients were 0.92 (95% CI 0.79-1.07) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.85-1.15), respectively. Furthermore, alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene supplementation did not affect the risk of macrovascular complications or mortality of diabetic subjects during the 19 years follow-up time. In conclusion, in this study of older middle-aged male smokers, weight gain and weight fluctuation were independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Intake of antioxidants or serum alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene concentrations were not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Supplementation with of alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene did not prevent type 2 diabetes. Neither did they prevent macrovascular complications, or mortality among diabetic subjects.

Protection against UVB inactivation (in vitro) of rat lens enzymes by natural antioxidants

Oxidative damage, through increased production of free radicals, is believed to be involved in UV-induced cataractogenesis (eye lens opacification). The possibility of UVB radiation causing damage to important lenticular enzymes was assessed by irradiating 3 months old rat lenses (in RPMI-1640 medium) at 300 nm (100 mu Wcm(-2)) for 24 h, in the absence and presence of ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol acetate and beta-carotene. UVB irradiation resulted in decreased activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldose reductase, and Na, K- ATPase by 42, 40, 44 and 57% respectively. While endopeptidase activity (229%) and lipid peroxidation (156%) were increased, isocitrate dehydrogenase activity was not altered on irradiation. In the presence of externally added ascorbic acid, tocopherol and beta-carotene (separately) to the medium, the changes in enzyme activities (except endopeptidase) and increased lipid peroxidation, due to UVB exposure, were prevented. These results suggest that UVB radiation exerts oxidative damage on lens enzymes and antioxidants were protective against this damage.

Efficacious Gene Silencing in Serum and Significant Apoptotic Activity Induction by Survivin Downregulation Mediated by New Cationic Gemini Tocopheryl Lipids

Nonviral gene delivery offers cationic liposomes as promising instruments for the delivery of double-stranded RNA (ds RNA) molecules for successful sequence-specific gene silencing (RNA interference). The efficient delivery of siRNA (small interfering RNA) to cells while avoiding unexpected side effects is an important prerequisite for the exploitation of the power of this excellent tool. We present here six new tocopherol based cationic gemini lipids, which induce substantial gene knockdown without any obvious cytotoxicity. All the efficient coliposomal formulations derived from each of these geminis and a helper lipid, dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), were well characterized using physical methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Zeta potential measurements were conducted to estimate the surface charge of these formulations. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the optimized coliposomal formulations could transfect anti-GFP siRNA efficiently in three different GFP expressing cell lines, viz., HEK 293T, HeLa, and Caco-2, significantly better than a potent commercial standard Lipofectamine 2000 (L2K) both in the absence and in the presence of serum (FBS). Notably, the knockdown activity of coliposomes of gemini lipids was not affected even in the presence of serum (10% and 50% FBS) while it dropped down for L2K significantly. Observations under a fluorescence microscope, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis substantiated the flow cytometry results. The efficient cellular entry of labeled siRNA in GFP expressing cells as evidenced from confocal microscopy put forward these gemini lipids among the potent lipidic carriers for siRNA. The efficient transfection capabilities were also profiled in a more relevant fashion while performing siRNA transfections against survivin (an anti-apoptotic protein) which induced substantial apoptosis. Furthermore, the survivin downregulation improved the therapeutic efficacy levels of an anticancer drug, doxorubicin, significantly. In short, the new tocopherol based gemini lipids appear to be highly promising for achieving siRNA mediated gene knockdown in various cell lines.

Capacidade antioxidante e a prática de atividade física em indivíduos com lesão medular cervical

A lesão medular está associada a uma série de alterações bioquímicas e decomposição corporal. O aumento da gordura corporal e seu acúmulo na regiãoabdominal aliados a processos infecciosos decorrentes da lesão medular podemacarretar o incremento da concentração plasmática da proteína c-reativa (PCR).Tanto a gordura corporal quanto a elevada concentração da PCR estimulam aprodução de espécies reativas de oxigênio, favorecendo o desequilíbrio oxidativo e odesencadeamento de doenças. É possível que a prática de atividade física regularpossa atuar de modo benéfico através da melhor distribuição da gordura corporal eadaptação dos sistemas antioxidantes nesses indivíduos. Considerando aimportância deste tema e a escassos estudos sobre o assunto, o objetivo desteestudo foi comparar, em indivíduos com lesão medular cervical a composiçãocorporal e indicadores bioquímicos de estado antioxidante em indivíduos fisicamenteativos e não ativos. Participaram do estudo 24 tetraplégicos do gênero masculino(3210 anos de idade e 108 anos de tempo de lesão), divididos em dois grupos,fisicamente ativos (n=15, com pratica de atividade física há pelo menos 3 meses, 3vezes/semana ou mais, totalizando tempo mínimo de 150 minutos/semana) e nãoativos (n=9). A composição corporal foi determinada por absorciometria de duplaemissão de raio-X. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas após jejum de 12 horaspara determinação dos indicadores bioquímicos: de capacidade antioxidante, ácidoúrico, bilirrubina, albumina, alfa-tocoferol, malondialdeído e PCR no plasma eatividade da superóxido dismutase em eritrócitos. O grupo não ativo apresentoumaior IMC (=0,003), gordura total (%) e de tronco (%) (=<0,001) do que o grupoppfisicamente ativo. Foi encontrada relação entre a PCR e a porcentagem de gorduratotal (r=0,72, p=<0,001), de tronco (r=0,70, p=<0,001), massa gorda total (r=0,73,p=<0,001) e de tronco (r=0,67, p=0,001). Não houve diferença significativa entre osindicadores bioquímicos de estado antioxidante, exceto a concentração da PCR quefoi maior no grupo não ativo (p=0,034). Considerando todos indivíduos, 50% apresentavam deficiência de alfa-tocoferol (concentração plasmática <11,6 mol/L).Foi observada relação negativa entre a concentração plasmática de alfa-tocoferol e aPCR (r=-0,18, =0,038).No grupo ativo houve correlação positiva entre a razãoptempo de atividade física:tempo de lesão e concentração plasmática demalondialdeido (r=0,38, =0,014). Nossos resultados, analisados em conjunto,psugerem que prática contínua de atividade física após a lesão atua auxiliando a umamelhor composição corporal e, possivelmente, a uma menor concentraçãoplasmática de PCR. O estado nutricional inadequado em alfa-tocoferol podecomprometer capacidade antioxidante, sendo necessárias medidas de apoionutricional para adequar a ingestão de alfa-tocoferol para este grupo.

Dendrorremediación: El uso de Betula alba para monitorizar y reducir el contenido de metales en suelos mineros.

[EN] The intense industrial activity that took place over the past century resulted in large contaminated áreas. This is an important risk to human health and environmental safety. Recent biotechnological techniques for bioremediation include phytoremediation, which uses plants to remove or stabilize contaminants in soils. In our study we choose birch (Betula alba) as the preferred species to remedy mining soils, due to it produces a large biomass and can accumulate high levels of toxic elements in its tissues. The aim of this study was (i) to determine the possibility of using this species in reforestation and/or remediation of mining soils (ii) to elucidate the potential of tocopherol levels as indicators of heavy metal pollution. Trees growing in mining soils with high concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb were sampled and the metal content in various organs and in tree rings was analyzed. α-tocoferol levels were also analyzed as an indicator of stress. The results showed a different distribution of metals in plant tissues. Zn and Cd had a higher accumulation in leaves, whereas Pb was stored in the timber. In addition, the metal content in tree rings was higher in older rings, leading to a conclusion that older tissues present a detoxification strategy. Furthermore, we saw how the presence of α- tocoferol on branches can be an indicator of metal stress in plants and it can be also used as a monitoring factor.

七叶树组织及细胞培养产生生育酚的研究

从七叶树（Aesculus Chinensis Bunge）的未成熟的果实的子叶中诱导出愈伤组织;愈伤组织在pH5.8，温度26 ± 1 ℃，加有NAA，TBA，K，CA的MS培养基上生长良好。光对愈伤组织的生长有促进作用，植醇对生长有抑制作用;进行了发酵罐培养。 利用TLC、质谱分离鉴定了γ-生育酚的存在，并利用HPLC、荧光法测定了生育酚的含量。结果表明，愈伤组织中生育酚的含量在3.2～6.6mg/100g干重;光对生育酚的合成有促进作用;植醇是生育酚合成的可能前体;悬浮培养不利于生育酚的合成，培养液中没有发现生育酚的存在。生育酚的合成与组织的生长速率成正相关。

Ⅰ应用高通量技术筛选松树抗微生物分子的研究;Ⅱ向日葵种质资源相关基础研究

一．应用高通量技术筛选松树抗微生物分子的研究 我们提出一种对纯化组分的抗菌活力进行高通量技术筛选的比色方法。该方法利用一种新型四氮唑盐MTS（methyl tetrazolium salt）在电子偶联剂PMS( phenazine methosulfate)的辅助下对供试样品进行比色分析，其原理是MTS能穿透进完整活性细胞，在接受电子偶联剂PMS提供的电子后，被其中细胞器膜或质膜上的脱氢酶还原成一种水溶性的显色甲替（formazan）化合物。甲替在490nm波长的吸收值能直接用96孔酶标板读取，无须通过额外的溶解步骤。甲替的产生量（吸收值）和基质中的活细胞数成正比。因此，抗菌成分作用于供试细菌后，其抗菌活力大小可通过对照孔（未加抗菌成分）和试验孔吸收值的差异反映出来。借助该技术和对影响MTS转化的各种因素标准化，定量研究6种细菌菌株包括革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌的生长。通过反相C18柱浓缩、凝胶过滤层析和亲和层等技术，从受马尾松毛虫危害的马尾松针内分离和纯化出几种增强的抗微生物活力，证实了。该方法对临床供试菌株的可行性和应用潜力;同时，对植物宿主受害后的诱导生理和功能意义亦进行了探讨。 二．向日葵种质资源相关基础研究中文摘要 1) 维生素E的天然产物有八种类型，分别为α、β、γ、δ一生育酚( tocopherol)和α、β、γ、δ一生育三烯酚( tocotrienol)，对植物、动物和人类都具有十分重要的生理作用。绿色植物是人类和动物VE的基本来源。本文对有关植物中VE生物合成途径和相关酶基因克隆研究现状，以及VE在植物体内的作用和功能研究进展进行了综述，以期为VE的机理探寻和功能开发提供进一步的思路。 2) 以20份向日葵种质资源为实验材料，通过对维生素E含量、含油率、皮壳率以及百粒重的测定及统计分析，试图了解向日葵种质资源中维生素E含量变异及相关数据。结果表明，在20份向日葵种质资源中，油葵的维生素E含量和含油率明显高于食葵：含油率与维生素E含量在0.01水平呈极显著正相关，含油率与百粒重在0,05水平呈显著负相关;百粒重与皮壳率在0.01水平呈极显著负相关。通过初步评价，发现3份富含天然维生素E的向日葵种质。 3) 由自由基介导的脂过氧化、酶失活或蛋白降解、胞膜破裂和遗传完整性（核酸）的损害是种子衰老的主要原因。种子在高温和高含水量情况下曝露数天诱发的加速衰老比一般衰老引起更多的生化分解;另一方面，在长期贮存条件下的低温贮存环境和种子低含水量可能使种子处于玻璃态。种子胞质的极高粘度和低分子运动能够阻止或抑制很多有害过程。尽管种子衰老的生理机制已有大量研究，但衰老过程中的主要过程和相互作用仍未完全清楚。本文报道向日葵种子在宽范围的含水量和温度条件下的脂过氧化、非酶蛋白糖基化对种子衰老的影响;同时，对种子玻璃态在长期贮存中对生化分解的阻滞作用并由此延长种子存活力也进行了探讨。

拟南芥生育酚环化酶基因（VTE1）在烟草中的表达及功能研究

维生素E（V.E.）在动物细胞内具有抗氧化等重要作用，但在植物体内的功能却鲜为人知。本研究以烟草为材料，利用根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导法在烟草中过量表达拟南芥来源的VTE1。通过外源VTE1基因的过量表达提高内源V.E.的含量, 进而研究转VTE1基因植株对胁迫的耐受性反应，以探讨植物体内V.E.含量与植物胁迫耐受性的关系，为植物抗逆机理的研究和利用奠定基础。 本实验利用CaMV35s启动子与拟南芥来源的生育酚环化酶基因（VTE1）构建的嵌合表达载体，以根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化烟草W38。实验结果表明: 1. 具有卡那霉素抗性的再生植株经PCR检测，得到了与阳性对照一致的495bp的目标片段;经RT-PCR检测，其中90%有外源基因表达。 2. 转基因植株的V.E.含量比对照植株高2倍左右，个别株系高达10.16倍。 3. VTE1基因的表达受环境胁迫的影响，不同程度的冷冻、热激、PEG处理均可影响VTE1基因的表达。经过冷冻处理60分钟、热处理20小时、以及PEG处理6小时，该基因表达量均有提高。冷冻处理条件下该基因的表达量是未处理的3倍，热处理条件下是未处理的2倍左右，PEG处理是未处理的3.5倍。在冷冻、热激、PEG胁迫处理过程中，转化苗的V.E.含量变化与外源VTE1基因的表达相对应，表明转化苗的V.E.合成主要由外源VTE1基因的终产物VTE1催化;在冷冻、热激、PEG胁迫处理过程中，V.E.含量与APX、CAT、SOD等抗氧化酶活性之间存在一定程度的正相关性，表明V.E.与这些抗氧化酶共同组成了植物体内的抗氧化网络，保护植株免受氧化损伤;V.E.的变化与MDA之间存在一定程度的负相关性，减轻植物的过氧化损伤; 4. V.E.可提高植物的抗旱性，我们检测了11个转化烟草株系的叶片相对含水量（RWC），在大多数转化烟草植株中，干旱胁迫24小时的RWC都比野生型高，高出0.16-45%（p<0.001）。表明转基因烟草比野生型更抗旱; 5. 在耐盐性实验中转基因植株对盐的抗性明显高于野生型烟草;同时，在不同盐浓度（150、250mM）胁迫下转基因植株V.E.含量比未转化植株增加了1.3-1.8倍。 这些研究结果表明，在植物体内转入V.E.代谢途径中的单个外源基因，可有效提高内源V.E.合成，提高植株对环境胁迫的抗性。

Effect of dietary supplementation of tocoferol acetate alone and with varying combinations on growth, survival and fatty acids profile of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae through Moina micrura enrichment

A study was carried out to determine the effect of tocopherol acetate along with cod liver oil astaxanthin enriched Moina micrura (MC- control, Ml- tocopherol acetate enriched, M2-tocopherol acetate combined with cod liver oil (CLO) enriched and M3- tocopherol acetate combined with astaxanthin enriched) on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of M. rosenbergii (de Man) larvae (TC- unenriched Moina fed larvae, Tl- tocopherol acetate enriched Moina fed larvae, T2- tocopherol acetate + CLO enriched Moina fed larvae to T3 – tocopherol acetate+ astaxanthin enriched Moina fed larvae). Growth was expressed as the time taken in to the settlement of 95% post larvae. Maximum growth i.e., the lowest time taken to the 95% PL settlement (40 days) and the maximum survival percentage (61%) was observed in both T2 and T3 treatments fed with M2 and M3 Moina respectively. Minimum growth and survival was observed in unenriched Moina fed larvae (TC). In larval treatments T2, (larvae fed with (M2) vitamin E + CLO enriched Moina), showed a higher percentage of EPA, DHA and higher HUFA level than other treatments.

The effect of vitamins C and E on some of growth factors of cultured Acipenser ruthenus

The effect of vitamins C and E on some of growth factors of cultured Acipenser ruthenus was studied in this thesis. For this purpose diets supplemented with a combination of 100 and 400 mg/kg vitamin C, L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate and 100 and 400 mg/kg vitamin E, D-alpha-tocopherol,were each fed to sterlet in 2 replications for 15 weeks. Fifteen fish with average weight of 350.92±14.28 gr were distributed to each of 18 tanks after adaptation with experimental diet. After 5 weeks, there were significant differences in RBC, ESR, HCT and differential counting of white blood cells among the treatments (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the amount of WBC among the treatments (P>0.05). After 10 weeks, there were significant differences in the amounts of Monocytes, Lymphocytes and Eosinophils (P<0.05), but there was no significant differences in the amount of other hematologic factors (P>0.05). At the end of the experiment (15th week) only WBC, RBC, Monocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil showed significant differences between the treatments (P<0.05) and other hematologic factors did not show any significant differences between the treatments (P>0.05). The results of biochemical indices analysis showed significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments for all of the parameters for 5th weeks, total protein and glucose for 10th week and only cholesterol for 15th week. The carcass analysis at the end of experiment showed that only the amount of carbohydrate, protein and ash were significantly difference between the treatments (P<0.05). The results of growth parameters at the end of 3th, 9th, 12th and 15th week showed significant differences between the treatments (P<0.05), but at the end of 6th week only GR was significantly different between the treatments (P<0.05). After concerning acute stress test including reduce water volume, cutting the aeration for 30 minutes at the end of experiment, cortisol and glucose significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with prestress period, but the lowest response to the stressor was observed in fish fed by E400 C 400 mg/kg. On the other hand the survival was 100% during the experiment and no mortality was occurred during this period. Results of this study indicate that Vitamins C and E can have remarkable effects on hematological, biochemical and growth indices in different growth periods. So regarding the effects of vitamin C and E on some growth indices, it seems that the diet containing E400 C 100 mg/kg can be considered as the optimum diet in the rearing condition for this weigth range of fish.

In vitro determination of antioxidant activity of proteins from jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum

In this study, the antioxidant activity of proteins isolated from jellyfish, Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye (R. esculentum), was determined by various antioxidant assays, including superoxide anion radical-scavenging, hydroxyl radical-scavenging, total antioxidant activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C and mannitol were used as standards in those various antioxidant activities. The crude protein (CP) and the protein fractions isolated by Sephadex chromatography, first peak (FP) and second peak (SP), had very low reductive power and metal chelating abilities compared to EDTA, but they showed strong scavenging effects on the superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and varying total antioxidant activity. FP and SP exhibited stronger scavenging effects on the superoxide anion radical than BHA, BHT or a-tocopherol. The EC50 values of FP and SP were 6.12 and 0.88 mu g/ml, respectively, while values EC50 of BHA, BHT and alpha-tocopherol were 31, 61 and 88 mu g/ml, respectively. CP, FP and SP showed far higher hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities than did vitamin C or mannitol. The EC50 values of CP, FP and SP were 48.76, 45.42 and 1.52 mu g/ml, but EC50 values of vitamin C and mannitol were 1907 and 4536 mu g/ml, respectively. In a beta-carotene-linoleate system, SP and CP showed antioxidant activity, but lower than BHA. Of the three samples, SP had the strongest antioxidant activity. So, SP may have a use as a possible supplement in the food and pharmaceutical industries. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Radical scavenging activity of protein from tentacles of jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum

In this study, radical scavenging activity of protein from tentacles of jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum (R. esculentum) was assayed including superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging. The protein samples showed strong scavenging activity on superoxide anion radical and values EC50 of full protein (FP), first fraction (IFF), second fraction (SF), and 30% (NH4)(2)SO4 precipitate (Fr-1) were 2.65, 7.28, 1.10, and 22.51 mu g/mL, respectively, while values EC50 of BHA, BHT, and alpha-tocopherol were 31, 6 1, and 88 pg/mL, respectively. Also, the protein samples had strong scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical and the values EC50 of FP, FF, SF, Fr-1, and Fr-2 were 48.91, 27.72, 1.82, 16.36, and 160.93 mu g/mL, but values EC50 of Vc and mannitol were 1907 and 4536 mu g/mL, respectively. Of the five protein samples, SF had the strongest radical scavenging activity and may have a use as a possible supplement in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The radical scavenging activity was stable at high temperature so that R. esculentum may be used as a kind of natural functional food. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

CHINESE NITRARIA TANGUTORUM BOBR。： CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF SEED OIL EXTRACTED BY SFE-CO_2

In order to develop and make good use of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for its ecological and medicinal values, the seed oil was extracted by SFE-CQ2 and the chemical constituents was analyzed by GC/MS. The component relative contents were determined by area nomalization. 28 components were separated from the extracts of SFE-CQj and 12 of them, which accounted for 85.99% were identified. They were(Z, Z)-9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid), bicyclo[ 10. 1. 0] tridec-1-ene, 7-pentadecyne, gamma-sitosterol, gamma-tocopherol, 1, -8,Z-10-hexadecatriene,9,12-octadecadienal, 24-methyl-5-cholestene-3-ol,(Z)-9,17-octadecadienal, stigmastan-3,5-dien, eicosane and so on. Among them, the relative content of (Z, Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid is the highest, accounting for 65.85% of the total area. It is concluded that N. tangutorum Bobr. seed oil is a rich source of linoleic acid.

Antioxidant supplementation and immunoendocrine responses to prolonged exercise

Davison, Glen, et al., 'Antioxidant supplementation and immunoendocrine responses to prolonged exercise', Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, (2007) 39(4) pp.645-652 RAE2008