Microbiological properties and oxidizable organic carbon fractions of an oxisol under coffee with split phosphorus applications and irrigation regimes

Phosphorus fertilization and irrigation increase coffee production, but little is known about the effect of these practices on soil organic matter and soil microbiota in the Cerrado. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and oxidizable organic carbon fractions of a dystrophic Red Latossol under coffee and split phosphorus (P) applications and different irrigation regimes. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 x 2 factorial design with three split P applications (P1: 300 kg ha-1 P2O5, recommended for the crop year, of which two thirds were applied in September and the third part in December; P2: 600 kg ha-1 P2O5, applied at planting and then every two years, and P3: 1,800 kg ha-1 P2O5, the requirement for six years, applied at once at planting), two irrigation regimes (rainfed and year-round irrigation), with three replications. The layers 0-5 and 5-10 cm were sampled to determine microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR), enzyme activity of acid phosphatase, the oxidizable organic carbon fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4), and total organic carbon (TOC). The irrigation regimes increased the levels of MBC, microbial activity and acid phosphatase, TOC and oxidizable fractions of soil organic matter under coffee. In general, the form of dividing P had little influence on the soil microbial properties and OC. Only P3 under irrigation increased the levels of MBC and acid phosphatase activity.

Three-dimensional aspects of fluid flows in channels. II. Effects of meniscus and thin film regimes on viscous fingers

We perform a three-dimensional study of steady state viscous fingers that develop in linear channels. By means of a three-dimensional lattice-Boltzmann scheme that mimics the full macroscopic equations of motion of the fluid momentum and order parameter, we study the effect of the thickness of the channel in two cases. First, for total displacement of the fluids in the channel thickness direction, we find that the steady state finger is effectively two-dimensional and that previous two-dimensional results can be recovered by taking into account the effect of a curved meniscus across the channel thickness as a contribution to surface stresses. Second, when a thin film develops in the channel thickness direction, the finger narrows with increasing channel aspect ratio in agreement with experimental results. The effect of the thin film renders the problem three-dimensional and results deviate from the two-dimensional prediction.

Three-dimensional aspects of fluid flows in channels. I. Meniscus and thin film regimes

We study the forced displacement of a fluid-fluid interface in a three-dimensional channel formed by two parallel solid plates. Using a lattice-Boltzmann method, we study situations in which a slip velocity arises from diffusion effects near the contact line. The difference between the slip and channel velocities determines whether the interface advances as a meniscus or a thin film of fluid is left adhered to the plates. We find that this effect is controlled by the capillary and Péclet numbers. We estimate the crossover from a meniscus to a thin film and find good agreement with numerical results. The penetration regime is examined in the steady state. We find that the occupation fraction of the advancing finger relative to the channel thickness is controlled by the capillary number and the viscosity contrast between the fluids. For high viscosity contrast, lattice-Boltzmann results agree with previous results. For zero viscosity contrast, we observe remarkably narrow fingers. The shape of the finger is found to be universal.

Job switching in ants: role of a kinase

Reproductive division of labour is a defining characteristic of eusociality in insect societies. The task of reproduction is performed by the fertile males and queens of the colony, while the non-fertile female worker caste performs all other tasks related to colony upkeep, foraging and nest defence. Division of labour, or polyethism, within the worker caste is organized such that specific tasks are performed by discrete groups of individuals. Ordinarily, workers of one group will not participate in the tasks of other groups making the groups of workers behaviourally distinct. In some eusocial species, this has led to the evolution of a remarkable diversity of subcaste morphologies within the worker caste, and a division of labour amongst the subcastes. This caste polyethism is best represented in many species of ants where a smaller-bodied minor subcaste typically performs foraging duties while larger individuals of the major subcaste are tasked with nest defence. Recent work suggests that polyethism in the worker caste is influenced by an evolutionarily conserved, yet diversely regulated, gene called foraging (for), which encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Additionally, flexibility in the activity of this enzyme allows for workers from one task group to assist the workers of other task groups in times of need during the colony's life.

Three-dimensional aspects of fluid flows in channels. II. Effects of meniscus and thin film regimes on viscous fingers

We perform a three-dimensional study of steady state viscous fingers that develop in linear channels. By means of a three-dimensional lattice-Boltzmann scheme that mimics the full macroscopic equations of motion of the fluid momentum and order parameter, we study the effect of the thickness of the channel in two cases. First, for total displacement of the fluids in the channel thickness direction, we find that the steady state finger is effectively two-dimensional and that previous two-dimensional results can be recovered by taking into account the effect of a curved meniscus across the channel thickness as a contribution to surface stresses. Second, when a thin film develops in the channel thickness direction, the finger narrows with increasing channel aspect ratio in agreement with experimental results. The effect of the thin film renders the problem three-dimensional and results deviate from the two-dimensional prediction.

Three-dimensional aspects of fluid flows in channels. I. Meniscus and thin film regimes

We study the forced displacement of a fluid-fluid interface in a three-dimensional channel formed by two parallel solid plates. Using a lattice-Boltzmann method, we study situations in which a slip velocity arises from diffusion effects near the contact line. The difference between the slip and channel velocities determines whether the interface advances as a meniscus or a thin film of fluid is left adhered to the plates. We find that this effect is controlled by the capillary and Péclet numbers. We estimate the crossover from a meniscus to a thin film and find good agreement with numerical results. The penetration regime is examined in the steady state. We find that the occupation fraction of the advancing finger relative to the channel thickness is controlled by the capillary number and the viscosity contrast between the fluids. For high viscosity contrast, lattice-Boltzmann results agree with previous results. For zero viscosity contrast, we observe remarkably narrow fingers. The shape of the finger is found to be universal.

Native Grassland Conversion: the Roles of Risk Intervention and Switching Costs

We develop a real option model of the irreversible native grassland conversion decision. Upon plowing, native grassland can be followed by either a permanent cropping system or a system in which land is put under cropping (respectively, grazing) whenever crop prices are high (respectively, low). Switching costs are incurred upon alternating between cropping and grazing. The effects of risk intervention in the form of crop insurance subsidies are studied, as are the effects of cropping innovations that reduce switching costs. We calibrate the model by using cropping return data for South Central North Dakota from 1989 to 2012. Simulations show that a risk intervention that offsets 20% of a cropping return shortfall increases the sod-busting cost threshold, below which native sod will be busted, by 41% (or $43.7/acre). Omitting cropping return risk across time underestimates this sod-busting cost threshold by 23% (or $24.35/acre), and hence underestimates the native sod conversion caused by crop production.

Stability-dependent behavioural and electro-cortical reorganizations during intentional switching between bimanual tapping modes

This study investigated behavioural and electro-cortical reorganizations accompanying intentional switching between two distinct bimanual coordination tapping modes (In-phase and Anti-phase) that differ in stability when produced at the same movement rate. We expected that switching to a less stable tapping mode (In-to-Anti switching) would lead to larger behavioural perturbations and require supplementary neural resources than switching to a more stable tapping mode (Anti-to-In switching). Behavioural results confirmed that the In-to-Anti switching lasted longer than the Anti-to-In switching. A general increase in attention-related neural activity was found at the moment of switching for both conditions. Additionally, two condition-dependent EEG reorganizations were observed. First, a specific increase in cortico-cortical coherence appeared exclusively during the In-to-Anti switching. This result may reflect a strengthening in inter-regional communication in order to engage in the subsequent, less stable, tapping mode. Second, a decrease in motor-related neural activity (increased beta spectral power) was found for the Anti-to-In switching only. The latter effect may reflect the interruption of the previous, less stable, tapping mode. Given that previous results on spontaneous Anti-to-In switching revealing an inverse pattern of EEG reorganization (decreased beta spectral power), present findings give new insight on the stability-dependent neural correlates of intentional motor switching. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Produtividade do feijoeiro em resposta a adubação fosfatada e a regimes de irrigação em solo de cerrado

O cultivo do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) irrigado nos solos de cerrado requer a utilização de fertilizantes fosfatados. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar o efeito do manejo da adubação fosfatada e da lâmina de água na produtividade do feijoeiro em Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro argiloso. Os tratamentos englobaram três doses de adubação fosfatada a lanço (250, 500 e 1.000 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e dois níveis de irrigação (adequado e restrito), determinados em função de tensões de água no solo. Foi cultivado o feijão `Carioca' (quatro cultivos) no período seco, em rotação com o milho `BR 201' (cinco cultivos), no período chuvoso. A produção de grãos do feijão aumentou com a adubação fosfatada, nos dois níveis de irrigação, sendo maior com a dose mais alta de adubação e irrigação adequada. A irrigação restrita promoveu reduções de produtividade em todos os tratamentos, sendo menos prejudicial no solo com maior disponibilidade de P. O milho apresentou também resposta significativa à adubação fosfatada, e o efeito residual dessa adubação manteve boas produtividades das duas culturas durante os vários cultivos sucessivos.

Comportamento produtivo de caupi em regimes irrigado e de sequeiro em Petrolina e Juazeiro

O caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) é a cultura de grãos mais importante da região Semi-Árida brasileira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade produtiva de 18 genótipos de caupi em regimes irrigado e de sequeiro, em quatro anos (1995 a 1998), nos Municípios de Petrolina, PE, e Juazeiro, BA. Os genótipos compuseram dois experimentos repetidos cinco vezes em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A produção de grãos foi corrigida por covariância no estande ideal de plantas e submetida a análises estatísticas. A presença de variações na fertilidade do solo, no manejo e no quadro pluviométrico, alterou o comportamento produtivo dos genótipos (P<0,01). O genótipo Balinha, selecionado e mantido por pequenos produtores, produziu 1.779 kg/ha em áreas irrigadas, comportamento, este, superior ou similar ao de cultivares das instituições de pesquisa. Em regime de sequeiro, os resultados indicam genótipos superiores, como a cultivar EPACE 10, com 1.343 kg/ha e a linhagem TE 901781F, com 1.176 kg/ha. A cultivar EPACE 11 apresentou bom comportamento produtivo, tanto em regime de sequeiro como em regime irrigado, com 1.497 kg/ha. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de genótipos de caupi específicos para diferentes ambientes, com ênfase especial para áreas irrigadas.

Desempenho de ovinos e respostas de pastagens de Coastcross submetidas a regimes de desfolha sob lotação contínua

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de ovinos e as respostas de pastagens de Coastcross (Cynodon spp.) com quatro alturas de pasto (5, 10, 15 e 20 cm), em regime de lotação contínua, no período de agosto de 1998 a abril de 1999. As alturas de pasto foram alocadas às unidades experimentais, de acordo com um delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: valor nutritivo, composição morfológica da forragem coletada por simulação de pastejo e do perfil total do pasto, taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca, e desempenho animal. Os pastos apresentaram alto valor nutritivo da forragem pastejada, em ambas as estações do ano (primavera e verão), destacando-se os pastos de 5 cm, que apresentaram os melhores valores. As taxas de acúmulo de forragem foram maiores no verão, proporcionando, assim, maiores disponibilidades de forragem, e, conseqüentemente, desempenho animal mais elevado.