Immigration et sport : l’impact de la pratique du soccer amateur sur l’intégration sociale des minorités à Montréal

Fondée sur une étude ethnographique de la pratique du soccer amateur au sein d’une population immigrante associée politiquement à des minorités visibles, discernables par rapport au groupe majoritaire que forment les Québécois francophones, cette thèse cherche à élucider le rapport pratique et fonctionnel entre corps, connaissance et société à la lumière de la théorie de la pratique élaborée par Bourdieu. Dans cette voie, elle cherche à concevoir la pratique sportive comme vecteur d’intégration sociale susceptible de former l’habitus propice à l’intégration, à la sociabilité et à la participation sociale requises pour développer le sentiment d’appartenance à la société d’accueil dans les rangs de ces sportifs. Dans la veine de la théorisation enracinée, et en s’appuyant sur l’observation systématique du style de jeu et des représentations sociales autour de l’intégration élaborés par un groupe d’adeptes du soccer dans une étude combinant observation, vidéo, notes de terrain et interviews, recueillies dans une ligue amateur de Montréal, la thèse a pour objectif de débusquer la logique sociale que sous-tend la pratique sportive en décelant le sens pratique à l’œuvre dans cette dimension de l’espace social. Sur la lancée, l’étude de la pratique du soccer et de la matérialité du corps de l’immigrant en tant que « fait social total » nous amène à concevoir l’intégration du nouveau venu à la société d’accueil comme la combinaison de l’« extériorité » et de l’« intériorité » responsable des dispositions propres à donner corps à l’intégration. On est fondé à penser que la pratique du sport permet à ses adeptes de nouer avec leurs vis-à-vis des relations sociales qui, leur conférant des positions distinctes et distinctives, permettent de comprendre et d’expliquer l’intégration par les enjeux que cela soulève. Sous ce chef, l’ethnicisation en acte dans ce contexte s’opère sous la médiation du corps conçu comme « vecteur de connaissances », « forme de présentation de soi » (Sayad, 1999, p. 301), et « emblème de l’ethnicité » (Defrance, 2009, p. 26). Le corps, aux yeux des joueurs et des supporteurs, devient objet de représentations fondées sur la performance sportive, le jugement de l’habileté physique et l’attitude personnelle comme indicateurs de la compétence du joueur et, plus généralement, les éléments symboliques nés de l’interaction sociale sur le terrain de jeu comme à l’extérieur. En dernière analyse, le soccer, par sa pratique, fait office de médiation, voire de levier, susceptible d’aplanir les entraves à l’intégration à la société d’accueil sous les traits de l’acculturation. La thèse au programme vient donc enrichir l’explication sociologique du processus d’intégration en contexte multiethnique à la lumière du concept d’habitus afin de concevoir théoriquement la dialectique entre acculturation et incorporation sous les traits d’un jeu de relations objectives en vertu duquel le participant s’y engage de son propre chef, sans être tout à fait conscient que par la pratique il est soumis au jugement social, à l’inculcation de dispositions culturellement légitimes, etc. Il s’en dégage l’hypothèse que le joueur de soccer manifeste la « connaissance par corps » que requiert son intégration à la société dans laquelle il a décidé d’évoluer de son plein gré (Bourdieu, 2003). La pratique sportive se révèle donc une « stratégie identitaire synthétique » susceptible de mettre au diapason son identité et les « conditions objectives d’existence » du milieu auquel il est en passe de s’intégrer (Manço, 1999).

Effet de la classe ou expériences scolaires? : étude sur l'élaboration et la variation des aspirations scolaires réalistes des étudiant(e)s canadien(ne)s au regard des études universitaires

Cette thèse a été réalisée, entre autres, grâce à une subvention reçue du Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et culture et de son partenaire le ministère de l’Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport (MELS) Les analyses contenues dans cette thèse ont été réalisées au Centre interuniversitaire québécois de statistiques sociales (CIQSS), membre du Réseau canadien des centres de données de recherche (RCCDR). Les activités du CIQSS sont rendues possibles grâce à l’appui financier du CRSHC, des IRSC, de la FCI, de Statistique Canada, du FRQSC ainsi que de l’ensemble des universités québécoises qui participent à leur financement. Les idées exprimées dans ce texte sont celles des auteurs et non celles des partenaires financiers.

Handlungsinduktionen durch die visuelle Wahrnehmung von Linear- und Drehbewegungen im Sport

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Einflüssen visuell wahrgenommener Bewegungsmerkmale auf die Handlungssteuerung eines Beobachters. Im speziellen geht es darum, wie die Bewegungsrichtung und die Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit als aufgabenirrelevante Reize die Ausführung von motorischen Reaktionen auf Farbreize beeinflussen und dabei schnellere bzw. verzögerte Reaktionszeiten bewirken. Bisherige Studien dazu waren auf lineare Bewegungen (von rechts nach links und umgekehrt) und sehr einfache Reizumgebungen (Bewegungen einfacher geometrischer Symbole, Punktwolken, Lichtpunktläufer etc.) begrenzt (z.B. Ehrenstein, 1994; Bosbach, 2004, Wittfoth, Buck, Fahle & Herrmann, 2006). In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die Gültigkeit dieser Befunde für Dreh- und Tiefenbewegungen sowie komplexe Bewegungsformen (menschliche Bewegungsabläufe im Sport) erweitert, theoretisch aufgearbeitet sowie in einer Serie von sechs Reaktionszeitexperimenten mittels Simon-Paradigma empirisch überprüft. Allen Experimenten war gemeinsam, dass Versuchspersonen an einem Computermonitor auf einen Farbwechsel innerhalb des dynamischen visuellen Reizes durch einen Tastendruck (links, rechts, proximal oder distal positionierte Taste) reagieren sollten, wobei die Geschwindigkeit und die Richtung der Bewegungen für die Reaktionen irrelevant waren. Zum Einfluss von Drehbewegungen bei geometrischen Symbolen (Exp. 1 und 1a) sowie bei menschlichen Drehbewegungen (Exp. 2) zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass Probanden signifikant schneller reagieren, wenn die Richtungsinformationen einer Drehbewegung kompatibel zu den räumlichen Merkmalen der geforderten Tastenreaktion sind. Der Komplexitätsgrad des visuellen Ereignisses spielt dabei keine Rolle. Für die kognitive Verarbeitung des Bewegungsreizes stellt nicht der Drehsinn, sondern die relative Bewegungsrichtung oberhalb und unterhalb der Drehachse das entscheidende räumliche Kriterium dar. Zum Einfluss räumlicher Tiefenbewegungen einer Kugel (Exp. 3) und einer gehenden Person (Exp. 4) belegen unsere Befunde, dass Probanden signifikant schneller reagieren, wenn sich der Reiz auf den Beobachter zu bewegt und ein proximaler gegenüber einem distalen Tastendruck gefordert ist sowie umgekehrt. Auch hier spielt der Komplexitätsgrad des visuellen Ereignisses keine Rolle. In beiden Experimenten führt die Wahrnehmung der Bewegungsrichtung zu einer Handlungsinduktion, die im kompatiblen Fall eine schnelle und im inkompatiblen Fall eine verzögerte Handlungsausführung bewirkt. In den Experimenten 5 und 6 wurden die Einflüsse von wahrgenommenen menschlichen Laufbewegungen (freies Laufen vs. Laufbandlaufen) untersucht, die mit und ohne eine Positionsveränderung erfolgten. Dabei zeigte sich, dass unabhängig von der Positionsveränderung die Laufgeschwindigkeit zu keiner Modulation des richtungsbasierten Simon Effekts führt. Zusammenfassend lassen sich die Studienergebnisse gut in effektbasierte Konzepte zur Handlungssteuerung (z.B. die Theorie der Ereigniskodierung von Hommel et al., 2001) einordnen. Weitere Untersuchungen sind nötig, um diese Ergebnisse auf großmotorische Reaktionen und Displays, die stärker an visuell wahrnehmbaren Ereignissen des Sports angelehnt sind, zu übertragen.

Sport and re/creation: what skateboarders can teach us about learning

This paper explores the role of digital media and creativity in the processes of learning that occur in groups of urban skateboarders. In particular, it examines how the production and consumption of amateur videos contribute to both skaters’ mastery of the techniques of the sport and their integration into the culture of the sport. The data come from an ethnographic study of skateboarders in Hong Kong, which included in-depth interviews, participant observation and the collection of texts and artifacts like magazines, blog entries and amateur skating videos. Skateboarders use video in a number of ways that significantly impact their learning and integration into their communities. They use it to analyze tricks and techniques, to document the stages of their learning and socialization into the group, to set community standards, to build a sense of belonging with their ‘crews’ and to imagine ‘idealized futures’ for themselves and their communities. Understanding the value and function of such ‘semiotic mediation’ in learning and socialization into sport cultures, I suggest, can contribute to helping physical educators design tasks that integrate training in physical skills with opportunities for students to make meaning around their experiences of sport and physical education.

A formação do jogador de futebol no Sport Club Internacional : (1997-2002)

O trabalho investiga o processo de formação do jogador de futebol no SC Internacional (1997-2002) sob o modelo globalista, desnaturalizando a profissão como resultado apenas de “vocação” e “dom”. Verifica o nível sócio-econômico-educacional dos jogadores. Identifica os critérios técnicos e sociais na seleção de jogadores que ingressam no clube, bem como as fontes sociais das motivações e expectativas profissionais dos atletas. Analisa a concepção dos jogadores sobre o fim do “Passe”. As motivações profissionais são: possibilidade de ganhar altos salários, jogar na seleção brasileira, incentivo da família e dom. As expectativas são jogar no (a/s): profissionais do Internacional, seleção brasileira, futebol do eixo Rio-São Paulo e exterior. Habilidade, força física, estatura elevada, capacidade técnica e disposição de treinamentos são critérios para se tornar jogador de futebol. A pesquisa revela que a formação do jogador consiste num processo de ensino-aprendizagem teórico-prático, disciplinado por meio de treino físicos, técnicos e táticos e aprimoramento do talento. Não se trata apenas do despertar e lapidar aptidões e atributos naturais (dom, vocação). Constitui um processo civilizatório de incorporação de um habitus futebolístico típico deste clube. As duas concepções dominantes entre os atletas sobre o fim do “Passe” são antagônicas: (1) liberdade de trabalho e (2) desemprego.

The rite of passage from regular to connoisseur consumer: the role of the taste transformation ritual in the specialty coffee context

Apesar de o campo da cultura de consumo ter abordado o papel do ritual no consumo, definindo e descrevendo este constructo e explicando suas dimensões, significados culturais, elementos, componentes e práticas, assim como revelando a diferenciação nas práticas dos consumidores, nenhuma pesquisa ainda identificou como os consumidores, por meio de práticas de ritual, estabelecem e manipulam suas próprias diferenciações em relação a outros consumidores durante o rito de passagem deles de uma categoria cultural de pessoa para outra. Tendo como base conceitos-chaves da teoria sobre ritual, minha pesquisa aborda o papel do ritual no consume de apreciação. Conduzindo um estudo etnográfico sobre consumo de apreciação de cafés especiais, eu realizei uma imersão no campo, visitando e observando consumidores em cafeterias independentes de destaque na América do Norte – Toronto, Montreal, Seattle e Nova York – de agosto de 2013 a julho de 2014. Eu também realizei uma imersão no contexto de cafés especiais no Brasil em Belo Horizonte e São Paulo, de agosto de 2014 a janeiro de 2015, para comparar e contrastar as culturas de consume de cafés especiais de Brasil, Estados Unidos e Canadá. Eu usei entrevistas longas, observação participante, netnografia, introspecção e análise histórica de artigos de jornais para coletar os dados, que foram interpretados utilizando a abordagem hermenêutica, comparando os consumidores em diferentes estágios durante o rito de passagem de apreciação. Para estender meu entendimento sobre o consumo de apreciação, eu também coletei dados sobre o contexto de consumo de vinho. Nesta tese, eu introduzo a ideia de ritual de transformação do gosto, teorizando sobre o processo do rito de passagem de apreciação, que converte consumidores regulares em consumidores apreciadores. Minha pesquisa revela que consumidores apreciadores são amadores em diferentes estágios do rito de passagem de apreciação. Eles se transformam pelo estabelecimento e reforço de oposições entre o consume de massa e de apreciação. O ritual de transformação do gosto envolve os seguintes elementos: (1) variação nas escolhas de produtos de alta qualidade, (2) o lugar para realizar a degustação, (3) o momento da degustação, (4) o ato de degustar, (5) investimento de tempo e dinheiro, (6) aumento do capital subcultural e social, (7) perseverança no rito de passagem. Os consumidores apreciadores participam da comunidade de consumo de apreciação. Essa comunidade heterogênea é composta por profissionais excelentes, apreciadores e consumidores regulares. As forças que direcionam a comunidade, de acordo com o que foi identificado no estudo, são a produção de capital social e subcultural, emulação do profissional e das práticas de ritual de consumo, tensões de performance entre os membros da comunidade, amizade comercial e jogo de status. Eu desenvolvo uma ampla consideração teórica que desenvolve e estende um número de conceitos em relação a ritual e consumo, gosto, comunidade heterogênea e consumidores apreciadores.

Wine classification by taste sensors made from ultra-thin films and using neural networks

This paper reports on a sensor array able to distinguish tastes and used to classify red wines. The array comprises sensing units made from Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of conducting polymers and lipids and layer-by-layer (LBL) films from chitosan deposited onto gold interdigitated electrodes. Using impedance spectroscopy as the principle of detection, we show that distinct clusters can be identified in principal component analysis (PCA) plots for six types of red wine. Distinction can be made with regard to vintage, vineyard and brands of the red wine. Furthermore, if the data are treated with artificial neural networks (ANNs), this artificial tongue can identify wine samples stored under different conditions. This is illustrated by considering 900 wine samples, obtained with 30 measurements for each of the five bottles of the six wines, which could be recognised with 100% accuracy using the algorithms Standard Backpropagation and Backpropagation momentum in the ANNs. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Gosto, música e juventude: uma pesquisa exploratória com grupos de alunos da rede pública e privada de ensino em Araraquara

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

La risonanza olistica. Arte, pedagogia e scienza della voce nelle culture dello spettacolo

La ricerca impostata considera campi disciplinari specifici e distinti, verso la loro integrazione, mirando a produrre un avanzamento relativo alla scienza della voce attraverso la pratica e lo studio della sua applicazione in campo artistico. A partire dall’analisi delle teorie novecentesche relative alla fonazione nel mondo della scena (Antonin Artaud, Stanislavskij e altri) per giungere alle acquisizioni prodotte dalle terapie corporee e vocali (Tomatis, Lowen, Wilfart in particolare), Marco Galignano ha sviluppato un percorso originale che è passato inoltre attraverso lo studio della pratica di una serie di artisti contemporanei (tra cui Baliani, Belli, Bergonzoni, Jodorowski, Hera, Lucenti e Manfredini) e di pedagoghi e terapeuti (da Serge Wilfart al maestro Paolo Zedda). Galignano ha inoltre riferito, nel suo lavoro, gli esiti della sua personale esperienza di formatore, sviluppata a Bologna all’interno di diversi Dipartimenti dell’Università Alma Mater, del Conservatorio di Musica G.B. Martini, dell’Accademia di Belle Arti e del Teatro Duse in particolare. L’obiettivo della tesi è dunque quello di fondare le basi teoriche per una rinnovata pedagogia vocale, a partire dalla possibile riscoperta del suono naturale fino a giungere alle potenzialità terapeutiche ed artistiche del linguaggio. Gli obiettivi di questo lavoro contemplano l’istituzione di una nuova modalità pedagogica, la sua diffusione attraverso una presentazione opportunamente composta e la sua inscrizione in diverse occorrenze artistiche e professionali. Molte le personalità di spicco del panorama internazionale della scienza e dell’arte della voce che hanno contribuito, negli anni, alla presente ricerca: Francesca Della Monica, insegnante di canto e performer, Tiziana Fuschini, logopedista, Franco Fussi, foniatra, Silvia Magnani, foniatra ed esperta di teatro, Gianpaolo Mignardi, logopedista, Dimitri Pasquali, pedagogo, Livio Presutti, medico chirurgo otorinolaringoiatra, Simonetta Selva, medico dello sport, Serge Wilfart, terapeuta della voce, Paolo Zedda, professore di canto in diverse realtà e Maestro di dizione al Conservatorio Nazionale di Parigi, e molti altri, oltre agli artisti citati in fondo, con le loro ricerche hanno contribuito direttamente alla redazione dell’elaborato finale, che mira a fondare le basi di una rinnovata pedagogia vocale per il teatro in Italia. La ricerca vuole infatti colmare in parte la penuria di apporti scientifici specificamente rivolti alla formazione vocale dell’attore teatrale. II lavoro vorrebbe inoltre raccogliere l’eredita di quei teorici, maestri e registi-pedagoghi che nel Novecento hanno posto le basi per la formazione dell’attore, e al tempo stesso prolungare la linea genealogica che da Stanislavskji trascorre in Grotowski, senza escludere esperienze fondate su presupposti alternativi alla formazione del repertorio vocale del performer: psicofisicità, terapie olistiche, fisica quantistica. Come accennato, una parte della ricerca è stata condotta in collaborazione col Prof. Franco Fussi, correlatore, e grazie al lavoro di redazione nel gruppo della rivista Culture Teatrali, diretto da Marco De Marinis, relatore. II percorso ha inteso infatti sviluppare alcune delle linee di ricerca aperte da Fussi virandole verso lo specifico dell’attività e del training vocale dell’attore, e ha avuto una tappa di verifica rilevante nel Convegno Internazionale di Foniatria e Logopedia “La Voce Artistica” di cui Fussi è direttore, a cui Galignano ha partecipato in veste di relatore. 1. II concetto guida del lavoro di Galignano risiede nell’idea di vibrazione e nel rapporto che questa intrattiene col suono. Il suono, per l’essere umano, costituisce la base materiale della fonazione, del linguaggio codificato comunitariamente così come dei particolari idioletti in continua evoluzione, basi della comunicazione verbale e paraverbale. Il linguaggio umano è costituito principalmente da sonorità vocale e da articolazione consonantica (rumori), e cioè composto di suoni armonici e di rumori prodotti da apparati articolari del corpo che risultano efficaci solo se integrati nel corpo da cui originano. A partire da un tentativo di definizione di salute corporea e di equilibrio psicofisico, attraverso l’analisi della rigenerazione cellulare e delle dinamiche comportamentali, Galignano definisce scientificamente la lingua parlata come emersione di codici comunicativi che originano da una schematizzazione del mondo intimo-personale del soggetto e si fondano su memorie molecolari, sull’attitudine comportamentale abituale, tra spontaneità, automatismi e capacità episodica di attenzione psicofisica. Ciò costituisce, per Galignano, la “risonanza olistica” alla base dell’efficacia comunicativa in sede pedagogica. L’argomento, che verrà sviluppato per la presentazione editoriale dell’elaborato e di cui la tesi di dottorato è solo una prima tappa in fieri, è stato sviscerato anche sulla base di nozioni di fisica classica e di fisica quantistica. Ciò senza dimenticare gli studi approfonditi sulla vocalità in ambito filosofico, da Bologna a Cavarero, da Napolitano a Zumthor. La tesi è composta attraverso una progressione che, a partire da una dichiarazione di poetica, trascorre poi verso l’analisi della fisiologia e della psicologia della voce, per approdare a una zona di approfondimento scientifico, teorico ed empirico, di una serie di metodi d’avanguardia di abilitazione e riabilitazione. In ultimo, come appendice, vengono riferiti i risultati del percorso laboratoriale condotto nel corso degli anni del dottorato di ricerca. Le esperienze sul campo maturate nell’ambito dell’attività pedagogica e laboratoriale si sono inoltre sviluppate a partire da un Progetto Strategico d’Ateneo dell’Università di Bologna intitolato “La Voce nel Corpo. La Recitazione e il Movimento Coreografico”, di cui Marco Galignano è responsabile scientifico. Un tempo specifico della tesi di dottorato è dunque composto a partire dai risultati maturati attraverso le varie azioni, laboratoriali e artistiche, che fin qui il progetto “La Voce nel Corpo” ha prodotto. In definitiva, attraverso il tessuto composto da esperienze pedagogiche, pratica artistica e ricerca scientifica, la tesi di dottorato di Galignano, work in progress, mira a comporre un sistema integrato, teorico-pratico, per l’insegnamento e la trasmissione di una specifica tecnica vocale calata nella pratica attoriale, ma utile a fini ulteriori, da quello riabilitativo fino alle tecniche di cura del sé su cui s’e appuntata la riflessione filosofica erede della teoresi artaudiana. La parte conclusiva della ricerca riguarda i suoi possibili futuri sviluppi, specifici, impostati attraverso la collaborazione, attuale, passata o in divenire, con artisti quali Marco Baliani, Matteo Belli, Alessandro Bergonzoni, Albert Hera, Michela Lucenti, Danio Manfredini e altri a cui Marco Galignano è particolarmente riconoscente.

Innovative techniques for sport turf managing: Agronomic and phyisiological implications

The growing substrate of the putting greens is considered a key factor for a healthy turf ecosystem. Actually detailed study on the effects of growth promoting bacteria and biostimulants on a professional sport turf are very limited. This thesis aimed to study the effectiveness of different microorganisms and biostimulants in order to improve the knowledge relative to the relationship between the beneficial microflora and root apparatus of sport turfs. The research project was divided in three principal steps: Initially, commercial products based on biostimulants and microorganisms were tested on a Lolium perenne L. essence grown in a controlled-environment. The principal evaluations were the study of the habitus of plants, biomass production and length of leaves and roots. Were studied the capacity of colonization of microorganisms within root tissues and rhizosphere. In the second step were developed two different biostimulant solutions based on effective microorganisms, mycorrhizae and humic acids. This test was conducted both on an Agrostis stolonifera putting green (Modena Golf & Country Club) in a semi-field condition and within a growth chamber on a Lolium perenne L. essence. Fungicide and chemicals applications were suspended in order to assess the effectiveness of the inoculants for nutrition and control of pests. In the last step, different microorganism mixes and biostimulants were tested on an experimental putting green in the Turf Research Center (TRC) (Virginia Tech, United States) in a real managing situation. The effects of different treatments were studied maintaining all chemicals and mechanicals managements scheduled during a sport season. Both growth-chamber and field results confirmed the capacity of microorganisms based biostimulants to promote the physiologic conditions of the plants, improve the growth of the roots and enhance the aesthetic performance of the turf. Molecular analysis confirmed the capacity of microorganisms to colonize the root tissues.

The Modernity of la Mode: a History of the French Revolution Through the Lens of Fashion, Culture, and Identity

In my thesis, I explore the cultural history of the French Revolution and its relation to the modern era which ensued. Many historians have studied the French Revolution as it relates to culture, the rise of modernity, and fashion. I combine the unique histories of all three of these aspects to reach an understanding of the history of the French Revolution and fashion’s role in bringing about change. In the majority of literature of costume history, discussion of fashion surrounds its reflective properties. Many historians conclude fashion as a reflection of the broader cultural shifts that occurred during the Revolution. I, on the other hand, propose that fashion is an active force in bringing out cultural change during this time. In exploring fashion as a historical motivator, I examine the aesthetic world of fashion from 1740 to 1815, the modern system of cultural dissemination of fashion through particular historical heroes, and the rise of “taste” and its relation to modern identity. Through aesthetics, culture, and identity, I argue that fashion is a decisive force of culture in that it creates a visual world through which ideas form and communicate.

Changes in German sport participation

Sport has become a highly differentiated social phenomenon in recent years. Changes in society, such as individualization, the growing significance of the health and body culture, and changing values, are considered to be generative mechanisms for increasing social importance and the differentiation of modern sport. Although discussions in sport sociology attribute the changes observed in recent decades of sport participation to a socially determined differentiation of sport, this premise has hardly ever been empirically tested. The present study examines to what extent the postulated developments in sport can be observed on the micro level of those engaging in sport, by examining sport behaviour from a contemporary historical perspective. Based on a life-course approach to research, a total of 1739 over 50-year-olds in Germany were asked about their sport participation as part of a retrospective longitudinal study. Results show that the increasing differentiation of sport can be documented by more diversified forms of individual sport careers. During a 30-year observation period the popularity of competitive sport decreased and the variety of ways in which sport was organized increased. A differentiated analysis based on examining three birth cohorts showed that the reported change in sport participation can be attributed to age, cohort and period effects. In addition, the present study examines how specific events in contemporary history are reflected in individual sporting careers. Sport careers in Chemnitz (Eastern Germany) and Braunschweig (Western Germany) differed before German reunification, but these differences have evened out after the political changes and the process of transformation.

Transgressive sporting bodies - A theoretical and critical dicourse analysis of the representation of Caster Semenya in Swiss print media

A debate about Caster Semenya's female sex began shortly after the South African runner won gold in the women’s 800m final at the 2009 Athletic World Championships held in Berlin. Her victory was disputed through questions about her right to compete as a ‘woman’, with the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) announcing she would be required to undergo a gender verification test before her victory could be confirmed. Using the theoretical frame of social constructionism (Berger & Luckmann), poststructuralism (Foucault), gender- and postcolonial theories (Butler; Hall; Spivak) and the methodology of critical discourse analysis (Jaeger), the paper explores the way the possible intersexuality of Caster Semenya was contextualised in mainstream Swiss German-language print media. The analyses will firstly look at the way in which Caster Semenya was constructed as a ʻfallen hero’ and stigmatised as a double-dealer and unacceptable deviant body. The rumours amongst athletes and commentators became news in the media, which focused on descriptions of her habitus, her muscular body and her deep voice. Through theoretical discussion the paper argues that the media response to Caster Semenya exemplifies Butler’s claim that the discursive framework of gender constructs and naturalises sex. A key question is therefore whether the designation of deviant bodies to a ʻfield of deformation’ (Butler) works to pluralise the field of gender, or rather, as Butler suggests, it tends that those bodies might call into questions. The final part of the paper discusses how gender, ethnicity and sexuality combine to constitute the black female sporting body as a spectacle of otherness. It is evident that this otherness is made manifest through the function of those bodies as a site of transgression, as the boundary between male and female, and often as the boundary between culture and nature (Hall). Using the example of the controversy surrounding Caster Semenya, this paper aims to demonstrate how the post/colonial white female body is reproduced by western norms of gender, sexuality, beauty and sporting behaviour, in the sense of a feminine sporting genderperformance. The media controversy will be also read through the lens of the globalisation of certain ideas of normative bodies, sex, ethnicity and gender and the challenge of changing stereotypes through transgression. Keywords: gender- and postcolonial theories, discourse analysis, print media, Caster Semen-ya, deviant body, ethnicity, intersexuality

Transgressive sporting bodies - A theoretical and critical dicourse analysis of the representation of Caster Semenya in Swiss print media

A debate about Caster Semenya's female sex began shortly after the South African runner won gold in the women’s 800m final at the 2009 Athletic World Championships held in Berlin. Her victory was disputed through questions about her right to compete as a ‘woman’, with the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) announcing she would be required to undergo a gender verification test before her victory could be confirmed. Using the theoretical frame of social constructionism (Berger & Luckmann), poststructuralism (Foucault), gender- and postcolonial theories (Butler; Hall; Spivak) and the methodology of critical discourse analysis (Jaeger), the paper explores the way the possible intersexuality of Caster Semenya was contextualised in mainstream Swiss German-language print media. The analyses will firstly look at the way in which Caster Semenya was constructed as a ʻfallen hero’ and stigmatised as a double-dealer and unacceptable deviant body. The rumours amongst athletes and commentators became news in the media, which focused on descriptions of her habitus, her muscular body and her deep voice. Through theoretical discussion the paper argues that the media response to Caster Semenya exemplifies Butler’s claim that the discursive framework of gender constructs and naturalises sex. A key question is therefore whether the designation of deviant bodies to a ʻfield of deformation’ (Butler) works to pluralise the field of gender, or rather, as Butler suggests, it tends that those bodies might call into questions. The final part of the paper discusses how gender, ethnicity and sexuality combine to constitute the black female sporting body as a spectacle of otherness. It is evident that this otherness is made manifest through the function of those bodies as a site of transgression, as the boundary between male and female, and often as the boundary between culture and nature (Hall). Using the example of the controversy surrounding Caster Semenya, this paper aims to demonstrate how the post/colonial white female body is reproduced by western norms of gender, sexuality, beauty and sporting behaviour, in the sense of a feminine sporting genderperformance. The media controversy will be also read through the lens of the globalisation of certain ideas of normative bodies, sex, ethnicity and gender and the challenge of changing stereotypes through transgression. Keywords: gender- and postcolonial theories, discourse analysis, print media, Caster Semen-ya, deviant body, ethnicity, intersexuality